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<h1 class="ce_headline">Wie entsteht Erdöl?</h1>
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<p>Erdöl bildet nach Millionen von Jahren aus toten Kleinstlebewesen, die auf den Meeresgrund absinken und von Sedimenten überdeckt werden.</p>
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<p>Bereits die Babylonier kannten Erdöl. Mit Bitumen, einer dickflüssigen Version von Erdöl, das an der Oberfläche aus den Felsen austrat, asphaltierten sie wichtige Strassen. Erdöl besteht hauptsächlich aus Kohlenstoff- und Wasserstoffatomen, die sich zu Ketten verbinden. Ursprung dieser Kohlenwasserstoffe sind Plankton und andere Kleinstlebewesen im Meer, die nach dem Tod auf den Grund absinken. Normalerweise verwesen sie dort. Ab einer Tiefe von 200 m wird es aber interessant: Hier fehlt der Sauerstoff und es entsteht ein Faulschlamm, der sich zusammen mit Sand als Sediment ablagert.</p>
|
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<h2>Plankton zersetzt sich</h2>
|
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<p>Die Eiweisse, Kohlenhydrate und Lipide (Fette) der Tiere zersetzen sich nun im Sediment in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff. Zurück bleiben wasserunlösliche, komplexe Kohlenwasserstoffe, so genannte Kerogene. Dies ist das Ursprungsmaterial für Erdöl. Kerogen ist weit verbreitet, man findet es zum Beispiel im Schiefer der Schwäbischen Alp in Deutschland. Man kann daraus aber keinen nutzbaren Brennstoff herstellen. Dies wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg versucht – erfolglos.</p>
|
||
<p>Bei Temperaturen ab 60°C spalten sich die komplexen Kohlenwasserstoffe über die Jahrmillionen auf und bilden Erdöl, eine Mischung einfacher Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen. Temperatur und Zeit sind also die wichtigsten Parameter. 60°C werden dann erreicht, wenn sich genügend Sediment über der Schicht ablagert und das Kerogen in eine Tiefe von 1500 bis 3000 m hinuntergedrückt wird. Tiefer darf es nicht sein, sonst wird es zu heiss und es bildet sich kein Öl mehr.</p>
|
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<h2>Aus der Zeit der Dinosaurier</h2>
|
||
<p>Das Erdöl, das entsteht, wandert nun im Sediment nach oben, denn es ist leichter als Wasser. Stösst es auf eine undurchlässige Schicht, beispielsweise auf Ton, sammelt es sich und kann später gefördert werden. Das Erdgas, das im Vergleich zum Öl aus kürzeren Kohlenwasserstoffketten besteht, braucht sogar noch länger, bis es sich bildet. Ein grosser Teil des Öls und des Erdgases, das wir heute verbrauchen, hat den Ursprung in einer Zeit, als Dinosaurier unseren Planeten bevölkerten – vor 150 Mio. Jahren. Es bilden sich zwar nach wie vor rund 15 m<sup>3 </sup>Erdöl pro Tag, wir verbrauchen aber täglich 15 Mio. m<sup>3</sup>. Wozu dies führen könnte, liest du in unserem Artikel "<a class="link_intern" title="Warum wird das Erdöl knapp?" href="teens-liesnach-archiv/articles/warum-wird-das-erdoel-knapp.html">Warum wird das Erdöl knapp?</a>".</p>
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<p>Guido Santner und <a class="link_intern" href="ueber-uns.html">Redaktion SimplyScience.ch</a></p>
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<span> Nicolai11</span> schrieb:<br/>
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<time datetime="2014-11-05T14:25:40+00:00" class="date">05.11.2014 um 14:25 Uhr</time>
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<h2><span>Warum wird das Erdöl knapp?</span></h2>
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setCookie('SiSciBMLayer', 'waiting', 0, 5);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function closeLayer(e) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if(!retrieve_cookie('SiSciBMLayer') && retrieve_cookie('SiSciBmVisit') && !retrieve_cookie('SiSciSeeLayer')) {
|
||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||
jQuery.fancybox('<div id="bookmark_layer" class="bookmarkLayer" ">'+$(".bookmarkLayer").html()+'</div>',{
|
||
closeEffect : 'none',
|
||
prevEffect : 'none',
|
||
nextEffect : 'none',
|
||
nextClick : false,
|
||
loop : false,
|
||
fitToView : false,
|
||
closeClick : false,
|
||
afterShow : function() {
|
||
$("a.setBookmark").click(function (e){
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
url = getBaseURL;
|
||
title = 'SimplyScience';
|
||
if (window.sidebar && window.sidebar.addPanel) { // Mozilla Firefox Bookmark
|
||
window.sidebar.addPanel(document.title,window.location.href,'');
|
||
} else if(window.external && ('AddFavorite' in window.external)) { // IE Favorite
|
||
window.external.AddFavorite(location.href,document.title);
|
||
} else if(window.opera && window.print) { // Opera Hotlist
|
||
this.title=document.title;
|
||
return true;
|
||
} else { // webkit - safari/chrome
|
||
if($(this).hasClass('de'))
|
||
$(this).replaceWith( $('<a onclick="parent.$.fancybox.close();setCookie(\'SiSciBMLayer\', \'opened\', Number.MAX_VALUE);" href="'+$(this).attr('href')+'" target="_blank" class="btn btn_neutral more" >Bitte drücke ' + (navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf('mac') != - 1 ? 'Command/Cmd' : 'CTRL') + ' D um diese Seite zu bookmarken.</a>'));
|
||
else
|
||
$(this).replaceWith( $('<a onclick="parent.$.fancybox.close();setCookie(\'SiSciBMLayer\', \'opened\', Number.MAX_VALUE);" href="'+$(this).attr('href')+'" target="_blank" class="btn btn_neutral more" >Presse ' + (navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf('mac') != - 1 ? 'Command/Cmd' : 'CTRL') + ' d pour ajouter cette page à tes signets.</a>'));
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
helpers : {
|
||
// overlay : null
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
setCookie('SiSciBMLayer','wait', 90);
|
||
setCookie('SiSciSeeLayer', 'today', 1);
|
||
}, 3000);
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
</script>
|
||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- indexer::continue -->
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
|
||
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
|
||
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-36372716-1']);
|
||
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
|
||
|
||
(function() {
|
||
var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
|
||
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
|
||
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
|
||
s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |