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With Python
===========
.. meta::
:description lang=en:
This tutorial focuses on text extraction from web pages with Python code snippets.
Data mining with this library encompasses HTML parsing and language identification.
The Python programming language
-------------------------------
Python can be easy to pick up whether you're a first time programmer or you're experienced with other languages:
- Official `Python Tutorial <https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/>`_
- `The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python <https://docs.python-guide.org/>`_
- `The Best Python Tutorials (freeCodeCamp) <https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/best-python-tutorial/>`_
Step-by-step
------------
Quickstart
^^^^^^^^^^
For the basics see `quickstart documentation page <quickstart.html>`_.
.. note::
For a hands-on tutorial see also the Python Notebook `Trafilatura Overview <https://github.com/adbar/trafilatura/blob/master/docs/Trafilatura_Overview.ipynb>`_.
Extraction functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The functions can be imported using ``from trafilatura import ...`` and used on raw documents (strings) or parsed HTML (LXML elements).
Main text extraction, good balance between precision and recall:
- ``extract``: Wrapper function, easiest way to perform text extraction and conversion
- ``bare_extraction``: Internal function returning bare Python variables
Additional fallback functions:
- ``baseline``: Faster extraction function targeting text paragraphs and/or JSON metadata
- ``html2txt``: Extract all text in a document, maximizing recall
Output
^^^^^^
By default, the output is in plain text (TXT) format without metadata. The following additional formats are available:
- CSV
- HTML (from version 1.11 onwards)
- JSON
- Markdown (from version 1.9 onwards)
- XML and XML-TEI (following the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative)
To specify the output format, use one of the following strings: ``"csv", "json", "html", "markdown", "txt", "xml", "xmltei"``.
The ``bare_extraction`` function also accepts an additional ``python`` format to work with Python on the output.
To extract and include metadata in the output, use the ``with_metadata=True`` argument.
Examples
~~~~~~~~
.. code-block:: python
# some formatting preserved in basic XML structure
>>> extract(downloaded, output_format="xml")
# output in JSON format with metadata extracted
>>> extract(downloaded, output_format="json", with_metadata=True)
Note that combining TXT, CSV and JSON formats with certain structural elements (e.g. formatting or links) triggers output in Markdown format (plain text with additional elements).
Choice of HTML elements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Customize the extraction process by including or excluding specific HTML elements:
- Text elements:
``include_comments=True``
Include comment sections at the bottom of articles.
``include_tables=True``
Extract text from HTML ``<table>`` elements.
- Structural elements:
``include_formatting=True``
Keep structural elements related to formatting (``<b>``/``<strong>``, ``<i>``/``<emph>`` etc.)
``include_links=True``
Keep link targets (in ``href="..."``)
``include_images=True``
Keep track of images along with their targets (``<img>`` attributes: alt, src, title)
To operate on these elements, pass the corresponding parameters to the ``extract()`` function:
.. code-block:: python
# exclude comments from the output
>>> result = extract(downloaded, include_comments=False)
# skip tables and include links in the output
>>> result = extract(downloaded, include_tables=False, include_links=True)
# convert relative links to absolute links where possible
>>> extract(downloaded, output_format='xml', include_links=True, url=url)
Important notes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ``include_comments`` and ``include_tables`` are activated by default.
- Including extra elements works best with conversion to XML formats or using ``bare_extraction()``. This allows for direct display and manipulation of the elements.
- Certain elements may not be visible in the output if the chosen format does not allow it.
- Selecting Markdown automatically includes text formatting.
.. hint::
The heuristics used by the main algorithm change according to the presence of certain elements in the HTML. If the output seems odd, try removing a constraint (e.g. formatting) to improve the result.
The precision and recall presets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The main extraction functions offer two presets to adjust to focus of the extraction process: ``favor_precision`` and ``favor_recall``.
These parameters allow you to change the balance between accuracy and comprehensiveness of the output.
.. code-block:: python
>>> result = extract(downloaded, url, favor_precision=True)
Precision
~~~~~~~~~
- If your results contain too much noise, prioritize precision to focus on the most central and relevant elements.
- Additionally, you can use the ``prune_xpath`` parameter to target specific HTML elements using a list of XPath expressions.
Recall
~~~~~~
- If parts of your documents are missing, try this preset to take more elements into account.
- If content is still missing, refer to the `troubleshooting guide <troubleshooting.html>`_.
Additional functions for text extraction
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The ``html2txt`` and ``baseline`` functions offer simpler approaches to extracting text from HTML content, prioritizing performance over precision.
html2txt()
~~~~~~~~~~
The ``html2txt`` function serves as a last resort for extracting text from HTML content. It emulates the behavior of similar functions in other packages and can be used to output all possible text from a given HTML source, maximizing recall. However, it may not always produce accurate or meaningful results, as it does not consider the context of the extracted sections.
.. code-block:: python
>>> from trafilatura import html2txt
>>> html2txt(downloaded)
baseline()
~~~~~~~~~~
For a better balance between precision and recall, as well as improved performance, consider using the ``baseline`` function instead. This function returns a tuple containing an LXML element with the body, the extracted text as a string, and the length of the text. It uses a set of heuristics to extract text from the HTML content, which generally produces more accurate results than ``html2txt``.
.. code-block:: python
>>> from trafilatura import baseline
>>> postbody, text, len_text = baseline(downloaded)
For more advanced use cases, consider using other functions in the package that provide more control and customization over the text extraction process.
Guessing if text can be found
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The function ``is_probably_readerable()`` has been ported from Mozilla's Readability.js, it is available from version 1.10 onwards and provides a way to guess if a page probably has a main text to extract.
.. code-block:: python
>>> from trafilatura.readability_lxml import is_probably_readerable
>>> is_probably_readerable(html) # HTML string or already parsed tree
Language identification
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The target language can also be set using 2-letter codes (ISO 639-1), there will be no output if the detected language of the result does not match and no such filtering if the identification component has not been installed (see above `installation instructions <installation.html>`_) or if the target language is not available.
.. code-block:: python
>>> result = extract(downloaded, url, target_language="de")
.. note::
Additional components are required: ``pip install trafilatura[all]``.
This feature currently uses the `py3langid package <https://github.com/adbar/py3langid>`_ and is dependent on language availability and performance of the original model.
Optimizing for speed
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Execution speed not only depends on the platform and on supplementary packages (``trafilatura[all]``, ``htmldate[speed]``), but also on the extraction strategy.
The available fallbacks make extraction more precise but also slower. The use of fallback algorithms can also be bypassed in *fast* mode, which should make extraction about twice as fast:
.. code-block:: python
# skip algorithms used as fallback
>>> result = extract(downloaded, no_fallback=True)
The following combination usually leads to shorter processing times:
.. code-block:: python
>>> result = extract(downloaded, include_comments=False, include_tables=False, no_fallback=True)
Extraction settings
-------------------
.. hint::
See also `settings page <settings.html>`_.
Function parameters
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Starting from version 1.9, the ``Extractor`` class provides a convenient way to define and manage extraction parameters. It allows users to customize all options used by the extraction functions and offers a convenient shortcut compared to multiple function parameters.
Here is how to use the class:
.. code-block:: python
# import the Extractor class from the settings module
>>> from trafilatura.settings import Extractor
# set multiple options at once
>>> options = Extractor(output_format="json", with_metadata=True)
# add or adjust settings as needed
>>> options.formatting = True # same as include_formatting
>>> options.source = "My Source" # useful for debugging
# use the options in an extraction function
>>> extract(my_doc, options=options)
See the ``settings.py`` file for a full example.
Metadata extraction
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- ``with_metadata=True``: extract metadata fields and include them in the output
- ``only_with_metadata=True``: only output documents featuring all essential metadata (date, title, url)
Date
~~~~
Among metadata extraction, dates are handled by an external module: `htmldate <https://github.com/adbar/htmldate>`_. By default, focus is on original dates and the extraction replicates the *fast/no_fallback* option.
`Custom parameters <https://htmldate.readthedocs.io/en/latest/corefunctions.html#handling-date-extraction>`_ can be passed through the extraction function or through the ``extract_metadata`` function in ``trafilatura.metadata``, most notably:
- ``extensive_search`` (boolean), to activate further heuristics (higher recall, lower precision)
- ``original_date`` (boolean) to look for the original publication date,
- ``outputformat`` (string), to provide a custom datetime format,
- ``max_date`` (string), to set the latest acceptable date manually (YYYY-MM-DD format).
.. code-block:: python
# import the extract() function, use a previously downloaded document
# pass the new parameters as dict
>>> extract(downloaded, output_format="xml", date_extraction_params={
"extensive_search": True, "max_date": "2018-07-01"
})
URL
~~~
Even if the page to process has already been downloaded it can still be useful to pass the URL as an argument. See this `previous bug <https://github.com/adbar/trafilatura/issues/75>`_ for an example:
.. code-block:: python
# define a URL and download the example
>>> url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20210613232513/https://www.thecanary.co/feature/2021/05/19/another-by-election-headache-is-incoming-for-keir-starmer/"
>>> downloaded = fetch_url(url)
# content discarded since necessary metadata couldn't be extracted
>>> bare_extraction(downloaded, only_with_metadata=True)
>>>
# date found in URL, extraction successful
>>> bare_extraction(downloaded, only_with_metadata=True, url=url)
Memory use
^^^^^^^^^^
Trafilatura uses caches to speed up extraction and cleaning processes. This may lead to memory leaks in some cases, particularly in large-scale applications. If that happens you can reset all cached information in order to release RAM:
.. code-block:: python
# import the function
>>> from trafilatura.meta import reset_caches
# use it at any given point
>>> reset_caches()
Input/Output types
------------------
Python objects as output
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The extraction can be customized using a series of parameters, for more see the `core functions <corefunctions.html>`_ page.
The function ``bare_extraction`` can be used to bypass output conversion, it returns Python variables for metadata (dictionary) as well as main text and comments (both LXML objects).
.. code-block:: python
>>> from trafilatura import bare_extraction
>>> bare_extraction(downloaded)
Raw HTTP response objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The ``fetch_response()`` function can pass a response object straight to the extraction.
This can be useful to get the final redirection URL with ``response.url`` and then pass is directly as a URL argument to the extraction function:
.. code-block:: python
# necessary components
>>> from trafilatura import fetch_response, bare_extraction
# load an example
>>> response = fetch_response("https://www.example.org")
# perform extract() or bare_extraction() on Trafilatura's response object
>>> bare_extraction(response.data, url=response.url) # here is the redirection URL
LXML objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^
The input can consist of a previously parsed tree (i.e. a *lxml.html* object), which is then handled seamlessly:
.. code-block:: python
# define document and load it with LXML
>>> from lxml import html
>>> my_doc = """<html><body><article><p>
Here is the main text.
</p></article></body></html>"""
>>> mytree = html.fromstring(my_doc)
# extract from the already loaded LXML tree
>>> extract(mytree)
'Here is the main text.'
Interaction with BeautifulSoup
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Here is how to convert a BS4 object to LXML format in order to use it with Trafilatura:
.. code-block:: python
>>> from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
>>> from lxml.html.soupparser import convert_tree
>>> from trafilatura import extract
>>> soup = BeautifulSoup("<html><body><time>The date is Feb 2, 2024</time></body></html>", "lxml")
>>> lxml_tree = convert_tree(soup)[0]
>>> extract(lxml_tree)
Navigation
----------
Three potential navigation strategies are currently available: feeds (mostly for fresh content), sitemaps (for exhaustivity, all potential pages as listed by the owners) and discovery by web crawling (i.e. by following the internal links, more experimental).
Feeds
^^^^^
The function ``find_feed_urls`` is a all-in-one utility that attempts to discover the feeds from a webpage if required and/or downloads and parses feeds. It returns the extracted links as list, more precisely as a sorted list of unique links.
.. code-block:: python
# import the feeds module
>>> from trafilatura import feeds
# use the homepage to automatically retrieve feeds
>>> mylist = feeds.find_feed_urls('https://www.theguardian.com/')
>>> mylist
['https://www.theguardian.com/international/rss', '...'] # and so on
# use a predetermined feed URL directly
>>> mylist = feeds.find_feed_urls('https://rss.nytimes.com/services/xml/rss/nyt/HomePage.xml')
>>> mylist is not []
True # it's not empty
.. note::
The links are seamlessly filtered for patterns given by the user, e.g. using ``https://www.un.org/en/`` as argument implies taking all URLs corresponding to this category.
An optional argument ``target_lang`` makes it possible to filter links according to their expected target language. A series of heuristics are applied on the link path and parameters to try to discard unwanted URLs, thus saving processing time and download bandwidth.
.. code-block:: python
# the feeds module has to be imported
# search for feeds in English
>>> mylist = feeds.find_feed_urls('https://www.un.org/en/rss.xml', target_lang='en')
>>> mylist is not []
True # links found as expected
# target_lang set to Japanese, the English links are discarded
>>> mylist = feeds.find_feed_urls('https://www.un.org/en/rss.xml', target_lang='ja')
>>> mylist
[]
For more information about feeds and web crawling see:
- This blog post: `Using RSS and Atom feeds to collect web pages with Python <https://adrien.barbaresi.eu/blog/using-feeds-text-extraction-python.html>`_
- This Youtube tutorial: `Extracting links from ATOM and RSS feeds <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW2ISdOx08M&list=PL-pKWbySIRGMgxXQOtGIz1-nbfYLvqrci&index=2&t=136s>`_
Sitemaps
^^^^^^^^
- Youtube tutorial: `Learn how to process XML sitemaps to extract all texts present on a website <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWUyhxciTOs>`_
.. code-block:: python
# load sitemaps module
>>> from trafilatura import sitemaps
# automatically find sitemaps by providing the homepage
>>> mylinks = sitemaps.sitemap_search('https://www.theguardian.com/')
# the target_lang argument works as explained above
>>> mylinks = sitemaps.sitemap_search('https://www.un.org/', target_lang='en')
The links are also seamlessly filtered for patterns given by the user, e.g. using ``https://www.theguardian.com/society`` as argument implies taking all URLs corresponding to the society category.
Web crawling
^^^^^^^^^^^^
See the `documentation page on web crawling <crawls.html>`_ for more information.
.. hint::
For more information on how to refine and filter a URL collection, see the underlying `courlan <https://github.com/adbar/courlan>`_ library.
Deprecations
------------
The following functions and arguments are deprecated:
- extraction:
- ``process_record()`` function → use ``extract()`` instead
- ``csv_output``, ``json_output``, ``tei_output``, ``xml_output`` → use ``output_format`` parameter instead
- ``bare_extraction(as_dict=True)`` → the function returns a ``Document`` object, use ``.as_dict()`` method on it
- ``bare_extraction()`` and ``extract()``: ``no_fallback`` → use ``fast`` instead
- ``max_tree_size`` parameter moved to ``settings.cfg`` file
- downloads: ``decode`` argument in ``fetch_url()`` → use ``fetch_response`` instead
- utils: ``decode_response()`` function → use ``decode_file()`` instead
- metadata: ``with_metadata`` (include metadata) had once the effect of today's ``only_with_metadata`` (only documents with necessary metadata)
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