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class="byline__name byline--with-bg"><a class="byline__name-link" href="/contributor/will-knight">Will Knigh<span class="link__last-letter-spacing">t</span></a></span> </span></p></div><div class="content-header__rubric-date-block"><div class="rubric content-header__rubric rubric-vertical-align"><a class="rubric__link" href="/category/business">Busines<span class="link__last-letter-spacing">s</span></a></div><time class="content-header__publish-date content-header__title-block-publish-date">01.21.2020 07:00 AM</time></div></div><h1 class="content-header__row content-header__hed">AI Can Do Great Things—if It Doesn't Burn the Planet</h1></div><div class="content-header__row content-header__accreditation"><p class="content-header__row content-header__dek">The computing power required for AI landmarks, such as recognizing images and defeating humans at Go, increased 300,000-fold from 2012 to 2018. </p><div class="social-icons social-icons--standard content-header__row 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23h20V9H6v14zm3.631-12H22.37l-6.368 5.661L9.631 11zM24 12.227V21H8v-8.773l8.002 7.109L24 12.227z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sticky-box__placeholder"></div></div></aside></header></div><div class="content-background" data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body"><div class=""><div class="article__chunks"><div class="grid grid-margins grid-items-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow"><div class="grid--item body body__container article__body grid-layout__content"><p>Last month, researchers at <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://openai.com/"}" href="https://openai.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">OpenAI</a> in San Francisco revealed an algorithm capable of learning, through trial and error, how to <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/why-solving-rubiks-cube-not-signal-robot-supremacy/">manipulate the pieces of a Rubik's Cube</a> using a robotic hand. It was a remarkable research feat, but it required more than 1,000 desktop computers plus a dozen machines running specialized graphics chips crunching intensive calculations for several months.</p><p>The effort may have consumed about 2.8 gigawatt-hours of electricity, estimates Evan Sparks, CEO of <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://determined.ai/"}" href="https://determined.ai/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Determined AI</a>, a startup that provides software to help companies manage AI projects. That’s roughly equal to the output of three nuclear power plants for an hour. A spokesperson for OpenAI questioned the calculation, noting that it makes several assumptions. But OpenAI declined to disclose further details of the project or offer an estimate of the electricity it consumed.</p><p><a href="https://www.wired.com/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial intelligence</a> routinely produces startling achievements, as computers learn to <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/computers-are-learning-to-see-in-higher-dimensions/">recognize images</a>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-alexa-2018-machine-learning/">converse</a>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/this-more-powerful-version-of-alphago-learns-on-its-own/">beat humans at sophisticated games</a>, and <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/teaching-self-driving-cars-watch-unpredictable-humans/">drive vehicles</a>. But all those advances require staggering amounts of computing power—and electricity—to devise and train algorithms. And as the damage caused by climate change becomes more apparent, AI experts are increasingly troubled by those energy demands.</p><div class="consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--article-mid-content consumer-marketing-unit--no-failsafe"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--article-mid-content consumer-marketing-unit__slot--in-content"></div></div><div class="ad ad--in-content"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--in-content"></div></div><p>“The concern is that machine-learning algorithms in general are consuming more and more energy, using more data, training for longer and longer,” says <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://mila.quebec/en/person/sasha-luccioni/"}" href="https://mila.quebec/en/person/sasha-luccioni/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sasha Luccioni</a>, a postdoctoral researcher at <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://mila.quebec/en/"}" href="https://mila.quebec/en/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mila</a>, an AI research institute in Canada.</p><p>It’s not just a worry for academics. As more companies across more industries begin to use AI, there’s growing fear that the technology will only deepen the climate crisis. Sparks says that Determined.ai is working with a pharmaceutical firm that’s already using huge AI models. “As an industry, it’s worth thinking about how we want to combat this,” he adds.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="inline-recirc" class="inline-recirc-wrapper inline-recirc-observer-target-1 viewport-monitor-anchor"></div><p>Some AI researchers are thinking about it. They’re using tools to track the energy demands of their algorithms, or taking steps to offset their emissions. A growing number are touting the energy efficiency of their algorithms in research papers and at conferences. As the costs of AI rise, the AI industry is <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/facebooks-ai-says-field-hit-wall/">developing a new appetite</a> for algorithms that burn fewer kilowatts.</p><aside role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="pullquote-embed pullquote-embed--text-align-left"><span class="pullquote-embed__content"><p>“The concern is that machine-learning algorithms in general are consuming more and more energy, using more data, training for longer and longer.”</p><p>Sasha Luccioni, Mila</p></span></aside><p>Luccioni recently helped <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://mlco2.github.io/impact/#home"}" href="https://mlco2.github.io/impact/#home" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">launch a website</a> that lets AI researchers roughly calculate the carbon footprint of their algorithms. She is also testing a more sophisticated approach—code that can be added to an AI program to track the energy use of individual computer chips. Luccioni and others are also trying to persuade companies that offer tools for tracking the performance of code to include some measure of energy or carbon footprint. “Hopefully this will go toward full transparency,” she says. “So that people will include in the footnotes ‘we emitted X tons of carbon, which we offset.’”</p><p>The energy required to power cutting-edge AI has been on a steep upward curve for some time. <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/#modern"}" href="https://openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/#modern" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Data published by OpenAI</a> shows that the computing power required for key AI landmarks over the past few years, such as DeepMind’s Go-playing program <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go"}" href="https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">AlphaZero</a>, has doubled roughly every 3.4 months—increasing 300,000 times between 2012 and 2018. That’s faster than the rate at which computing power historically increased, the phenomenon known as <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law"}" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Moore’s Law</a> (named after <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/moores-law-technology.html"}" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/moores-law-technology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Gordon Moore</a>, cofounder of Intel.)</p><p>Recent advances in natural language processing—an AI technique that helps machines parse, interpret, and generate text—have proven especially power-hungry. A <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243"}" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">research paper</a> from a team at UMass Amherst found that training a single large NLP model may consume as much energy as a car over its entire lifetime—including the energy needed to build it.</p><p>Training a powerful machine-learning algorithm often means running huge banks of computers for days, if not weeks. The fine-tuning required to perfect an algorithm, by for example searching through different neural network architectures to find the best one, can be especially computationally intensive. For all the hand-wringing, though, it remains difficult to measure how much energy AI actually consumes, and even harder to predict how much of a problem it could become.</p></div><div class="grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="sticky-box"><div class="sticky-box__primary"><div class="ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail"></div></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="recirc-most-popular-wrapper viewport-monitor-anchor"></div></div><div class="sticky-box__placeholder"></div></div></div></div><div class="row full-bleed-ad"><div class="ad ad--mid-content"><span class="ad-label">Advertisement</span><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content"></div></div></div><div class="grid grid-margins grid-items-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow"><div class="grid--item body body__container article__body grid-layout__content"><p>The Department of Energy <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-google-microsoft-green-clouds-and-hyperscale-data-centers/">estimates</a> that data centers account for about 2 percent of total US electricity usage. Worldwide, data centers <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06610-y"}" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06610-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">consume</a> about 200 terawatt hours of power per year—more than some countries. And the forecast is for significant growth over the next decade, with some <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117"}" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">predicting</a> that by 2030, computing and communications technology will consume between 8 percent and 20 percent of the world’s electricity, with data centers accounting for a third of that.</p><p>In recent years, companies offering cloud computing services have sought to address spiraling power consumption and offset carbon emissions <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-google-microsoft-green-clouds-and-hyperscale-data-centers/">with varying measures of success</a>. Google, for example, claims “zero net carbon emissions” for its data centers, thanks to extensive renewable energy purchases. Microsoft last week announced a plan to become “carbon negative” by 2030, meaning it would offset all of the carbon produced by the company over its history. OpenAI signed a deal to use Microsoft's cloud last July.</p><p>It isn’t clear how the AI boom will fit with the bigger picture of data center energy use, or how it might alter it. Cloud providers do not disclose the overall energy demands of machine-learning systems. Microsoft, Amazon, and Google all declined to comment.</p><div class="callout callout--inset-left callout--has-top-border callout--content-type--asset-embed"><div role="heading" aria-level="4" class="heading-h4">Keep Reading</div><figure class="asset-embed"><div class="asset-embed__asset-container"><span class="responsive-asset asset-embed__responsive-asset responsive-asset--invisible"><picture class="asset-embed__responsive-asset responsive-image"><noscript><img alt="illustration of a head" class="responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/artificial_intelligence_badge.jpg" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/artificial_intelligence_badge.jpg 1600w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86/master/w_1280%2Cc_limit/artificial_intelligence_badge.jpg 1280w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86/master/w_1024%2Cc_limit/artificial_intelligence_badge.jpg 1024w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86/master/w_768%2Cc_limit/artificial_intelligence_badge.jpg 768w, https://media.wired.com/photos/5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86/master/w_640%2Cc_limit/artificial_intelligence_badge.jpg 640w" sizes="100vw"/></noscript></picture></span></div></figure><div role="heading" aria-level="5" class="heading-h5">The latest on <a href="https://www.wired.com/category/business/artificial-intelligence/?itm_campaign=CarveLeft">artificial intelligence</a>, from machine learning to computer vision and more</div></div><p><a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://www.koomey.com/"}" href="https://www.koomey.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Jonathan Koomey</a>, a researcher and consultant who tracks data center energy use, cautions against drawing too many conclusions from cutting-edge AI demos. He notes that AI algorithms often run on specialized chips that are more efficient, so new chip architectures may offset some of the projected demand for compute power. He also says that the IT industry has in the past offset rising energy demands in one domain by lowering energy use in others. “People are likely to take isolated anecdotes and extrapolate to get eye popping numbers, and these numbers are almost always too high,” Koomey says.</p><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="inline-recirc" class="inline-recirc-wrapper inline-recirc-observer-target-2 viewport-monitor-anchor"></div><p>Still, as companies and other organizations increasingly use artificial intelligence, experts say it will become important to understand the technology’s energy footprint, both in data centers and in other devices and gadgets. “I would agree that the analysis community needs to get a handle on it,” says <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/directory/profiles/masanet-eric.html"}" href="http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/directory/profiles/masanet-eric.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Eric Masanet</a>, a professor at Northwestern University who leads its Energy and Resource Systems Analysis Laboratory.</p><p>Some AI researchers aren’t waiting for the industry to wake up. Luccioni of Mila helped organize a workshop on climate change last month at an important AI conference, NeurIPS, and she was pleased to find that the event was standing room only. “There’s a lot of interest in this,” she says.</p><p>The <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://allenai.org/"}" href="https://allenai.org/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Allen Institute for AI</a>, a research institute founded by the late Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen, has also called for <a class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10597"}" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10597" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">greater awareness of AI’s environmental impact</a>. The institute’s CEO, Oren Etzioni, says he is encouraged by the efforts of researchers, as many papers now include some account of the computational intensity of a particular algorithm or experiment.</p><p>Etzioni adds that the industry as a whole is gradually waking up to energy efficiency. Even if this is largely because of the cost involved with training large AI models, it could help prevent AI from contributing to a looming climate catastrophe. “AI is clearly moving toward lighter models and greener AI,” he says.</p><hr/><div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="heading-h3">More Great WIRED Stories</div><ul><li>Chris Evans <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/chris-evans-starting-point-politics/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">goes to Washington</a></li><li>What Atlanta can teach tech about <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-atlanta-can-teach-tech-about-cultivating-black-talent/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">cultivating black talent</a></li><li>The display of the future <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/mojo-vision-smart-contact-lens/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">might be in your contact lens</a></li><li>Here's what the world <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/heres-what-the-world-will-look-like-in-2030-right/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">will look like in 2030 ... right</a>?</li><li>The war vet, the dating site, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-phone-call-from-hell/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">and the phone call from hell</a></li><li>👁 The case for <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/light-hand-ai-hard-line-china/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">a light hand with AI</a>. Plus, the <a href="https://www.wired.com/category/business/artificial-intelligence/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1">latest news on artificial intelligence</a></li><li>🏃🏽♀️ Want the best tools to get healthy? Check out our Gear team’s picks for the <a href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-fitness-tracker/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories">best fitness trackers</a>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-running-gear/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories">running gear</a> (including <a href="https://wired.com/gallery/best-trail-running-shoes-round-up/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories">shoes</a> and <a href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-running-socks/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories">socks</a>), and <a href="https://www.wired.com/gallery/best-headphones-under-100/?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories">best headphones</a></li></ul></div><div class="grid--item grid-layout__aside"><div class="sticky-box"><div class="sticky-box__primary"><div class="ad ad--rail"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--rail"></div></div></div><div class="sticky-box__placeholder"></div></div></div></div></div><div role="none"><div role="none"><div class="grid grid-margins grid-items-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow"><div class="grid--item body body__inline-barrier article__body grid-layout__content"><div class="container container--body"><div class="container--body-inner"><aside aria-hidden="true" aria-live="polite" class="paywall-inline-barrier"><div class="paywall-inline-barrier__consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--paywall-inline-barrier consumer-marketing-unit--no-failsafe"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--paywall-inline-barrier"></div></div></aside></div></div></div></div></div></div><div role="none"><div role="none"><div class="grid grid-margins grid-items-0"><div class="grid--item body body__truncation-message article__body article__body--grid-margins"><div class="container container--body"><div class="container--body-inner"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="content-footer"><div class="row"><div class="grid grid-margins grid-items-2 grid-layout--adrail narrow"><div class="contributors contributors--no-bottom-line grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="contributor-bio contributor-bio--align-left contributors__contributor-bio"><div class="contributor-bio__content"><div class="contributor-bio__bio"><a href="/contributor/will-knight">Will Knight</a> is a senior writer for WIRED, covering artificial intelligence. He was previously a senior editor at <em>MIT Technology Review</em>, where he wrote about fundamental advances in AI and China’s AI boom. Before that, he was an editor and writer at <em>New Scientist</em>. 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using a robotic hand. It was a remarkable research feat, but it required more than 1,000 desktop computers plus a dozen machines running specialized graphics chips crunching intensive calculations for several months."],["p","The effort may have consumed about 2.8 gigawatt-hours of electricity, estimates Evan Sparks, CEO of ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdetermined.ai\u002F","isExternal":true},"Determined AI"],", a startup that provides software to help companies manage AI projects. That’s roughly equal to the output of three nuclear power plants for an hour. A spokesperson for OpenAI questioned the calculation, noting that it makes several assumptions. But OpenAI declined to disclose further details of the project or offer an estimate of the electricity it consumed."],["p",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Ftag\u002Fartificial-intelligence\u002F","isExternal":false},"Artificial intelligence"]," routinely produces startling achievements, as computers learn to ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fcomputers-are-learning-to-see-in-higher-dimensions\u002F","isExternal":false},"recognize images"],", ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Famazon-alexa-2018-machine-learning\u002F","isExternal":false},"converse"],", ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fthis-more-powerful-version-of-alphago-learns-on-its-own\u002F","isExternal":false},"beat humans at sophisticated games"],", and ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fteaching-self-driving-cars-watch-unpredictable-humans\u002F","isExternal":false},"drive vehicles"],". But all those advances require staggering amounts of computing power—and electricity—to devise and train algorithms. And as the damage caused by climate change becomes more apparent, AI experts are increasingly troubled by those energy demands."],["cm-unit"],["native-ad",{"position":"in-content","shouldDisplayLabel":false}],["p","“The concern is that machine-learning algorithms in general are consuming more and more energy, using more data, training for longer and longer,” says ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmila.quebec\u002Fen\u002Fperson\u002Fsasha-luccioni\u002F","isExternal":true},"Sasha Luccioni"],", a postdoctoral researcher at ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmila.quebec\u002Fen\u002F","isExternal":true},"Mila"],", an AI research institute in Canada."],["p","It’s not just a worry for academics. As more companies across more industries begin to use AI, there’s growing fear that the technology will only deepen the climate crisis. Sparks says that Determined.ai is working with a pharmaceutical firm that’s already using huge AI models. “As an industry, it’s worth thinking about how we want to combat this,” he adds."],["p","Some AI researchers are thinking about it. They’re using tools to track the energy demands of their algorithms, or taking steps to offset their emissions. A growing number are touting the energy efficiency of their algorithms in research papers and at conferences. As the costs of AI rise, the AI industry is ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Ffacebooks-ai-says-field-hit-wall\u002F","isExternal":false},"developing a new appetite"]," for algorithms that burn fewer kilowatts."],["inline-embed",{"props":{"childTypes":[],"name":"pullquote"},"ref":"","type":"callout:pullquote"},["p","“The concern is that machine-learning algorithms in general are consuming more and more energy, using more data, training for longer and longer.”"],["p","Sasha Luccioni, Mila"]],["p","Luccioni recently helped ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmlco2.github.io\u002Fimpact\u002F#home","isExternal":true},"launch a website"]," that lets AI researchers roughly calculate the carbon footprint of their algorithms. She is also testing a more sophisticated approach—code that can be added to an AI program to track the energy use of individual computer chips. Luccioni and others are also trying to persuade companies that offer tools for tracking the performance of code to include some measure of energy or carbon footprint. “Hopefully this will go toward full transparency,” she says. “So that people will include in the footnotes ‘we emitted X tons of carbon, which we offset.’”"],["p","The energy required to power cutting-edge AI has been on a steep upward curve for some time. ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fblog\u002Fai-and-compute\u002F#modern","isExternal":true},"Data published by OpenAI"]," shows that the computing power required for key AI landmarks over the past few years, such as DeepMind’s Go-playing program ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdeepmind.com\u002Fblog\u002Farticle\u002Falphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go","isExternal":true},"AlphaZero"],", has doubled roughly every 3.4 months—increasing 300,000 times between 2012 and 2018. That’s faster than the rate at which computing power historically increased, the phenomenon known as ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMoore%27s_law","isExternal":true},"Moore’s Law"]," (named after ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intel.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fwww\u002Fus\u002Fen\u002Fsilicon-innovations\u002Fmoores-law-technology.html","isExternal":true},"Gordon Moore"],", cofounder of Intel.)"],["p","Recent advances in natural language processing—an AI technique that helps machines parse, interpret, and generate text—have proven especially power-hungry. A ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F1906.02243","isExternal":true},"research paper"]," from a team at UMass Amherst found that training a single large NLP model may consume as much energy as a car over its entire lifetime—including the energy needed to build it."],["p","Training a powerful machine-learning algorithm often means running huge banks of computers for days, if not weeks. The fine-tuning required to perfect an algorithm, by for example searching through different neural network architectures to find the best one, can be especially computationally intensive. For all the hand-wringing, though, it remains difficult to measure how much energy AI actually consumes, and even harder to predict how much of a problem it could become."],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p","The Department of Energy ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Famazon-google-microsoft-green-clouds-and-hyperscale-data-centers\u002F","isExternal":false},"estimates"]," that data centers account for about 2 percent of total US electricity usage. Worldwide, data centers ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-06610-y","isExternal":true},"consume"]," about 200 terawatt hours of power per year—more than some countries. And the forecast is for significant growth over the next decade, with some ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117","isExternal":true},"predicting"]," that by 2030, computing and communications technology will consume between 8 percent and 20 percent of the world’s electricity, with data centers accounting for a third of that."],["p","In recent years, companies offering cloud computing services have sought to address spiraling power consumption and offset carbon emissions ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Famazon-google-microsoft-green-clouds-and-hyperscale-data-centers\u002F","isExternal":false},"with varying measures of success"],". Google, for example, claims “zero net carbon emissions” for its data centers, thanks to extensive renewable energy purchases. Microsoft last week announced a plan to become “carbon negative” by 2030, meaning it would offset all of the carbon produced by the company over its history. OpenAI signed a deal to use Microsoft's cloud last July."],["p","It isn’t clear how the AI boom will fit with the bigger picture of data center energy use, or how it might alter it. Cloud providers do not disclose the overall energy demands of machine-learning systems. Microsoft, Amazon, and Google all declined to comment."],["inline-embed",{"props":{"childTypes":["image"],"name":"inset-left"},"ref":"","type":"callout:inset-left"},["div",{"class":"heading-h4","role":"heading","aria-level":"4"},"Keep Reading"],["inline-embed",{"props":{"dangerousCaption":"","dangerousCredit":"","image":{"id":"5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86","altText":"illustration of a head","contentType":"photo","sources":{"sm":{"width":640,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_640,c_limit\u002Fartificial_intelligence_badge.jpg","height":688},"md":{"width":768,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_768,c_limit\u002Fartificial_intelligence_badge.jpg","height":826},"lg":{"width":1024,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_1024,c_limit\u002Fartificial_intelligence_badge.jpg","height":1101},"xl":{"width":1280,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_1280,c_limit\u002Fartificial_intelligence_badge.jpg","height":1376},"xxl":{"width":1600,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86\u002Fmaster\u002Fw_1600,c_limit\u002Fartificial_intelligence_badge.jpg","height":1720}}}},"ref":"5d51b3fcd2da9d0008d24a86","type":"image"}],["div",{"class":"heading-h5","role":"heading","aria-level":"5"},"The latest on ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fcategory\u002Fbusiness\u002Fartificial-intelligence\u002F?itm_campaign=CarveLeft","isExternal":false},"artificial intelligence"],", from machine learning to computer vision and more"]],["p",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.koomey.com\u002F","isExternal":true},"Jonathan Koomey"],", a researcher and consultant who tracks data center energy use, cautions against drawing too many conclusions from cutting-edge AI demos. He notes that AI algorithms often run on specialized chips that are more efficient, so new chip architectures may offset some of the projected demand for compute power. He also says that the IT industry has in the past offset rising energy demands in one domain by lowering energy use in others. “People are likely to take isolated anecdotes and extrapolate to get eye popping numbers, and these numbers are almost always too high,” Koomey says."],["p","Still, as companies and other organizations increasingly use artificial intelligence, experts say it will become important to understand the technology’s energy footprint, both in data centers and in other devices and gadgets. “I would agree that the analysis community needs to get a handle on it,” says ",["a",{"href":"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mccormick.northwestern.edu\u002Fresearch-faculty\u002Fdirectory\u002Fprofiles\u002Fmasanet-eric.html","isExternal":true},"Eric Masanet"],", a professor at Northwestern University who leads its Energy and Resource Systems Analysis Laboratory."],["p","Some AI researchers aren’t waiting for the industry to wake up. Luccioni of Mila helped organize a workshop on climate change last month at an important AI conference, NeurIPS, and she was pleased to find that the event was standing room only. “There’s a lot of interest in this,” she says."],["p","The ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fallenai.org\u002F","isExternal":true},"Allen Institute for AI"],", a research institute founded by the late Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen, has also called for ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F1907.10597","isExternal":true},"greater awareness of AI’s environmental impact"],". The institute’s CEO, Oren Etzioni, says he is encouraged by the efforts of researchers, as many papers now include some account of the computational intensity of a particular algorithm or experiment."],["p","Etzioni adds that the industry as a whole is gradually waking up to energy efficiency. Even if this is largely because of the cost involved with training large AI models, it could help prevent AI from contributing to a looming climate catastrophe. “AI is clearly moving toward lighter models and greener AI,” he says."],["hr"],["div",{"class":"heading-h3","role":"heading","aria-level":"3"},"More Great WIRED Stories"],["ul",["li","Chris Evans ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fchris-evans-starting-point-politics\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"goes to Washington"]],["li","What Atlanta can teach tech about ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fwhat-atlanta-can-teach-tech-about-cultivating-black-talent\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"cultivating black talent"]],["li","The display of the future ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmojo-vision-smart-contact-lens\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"might be in your contact lens"]],["li","Here's what the world ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fheres-what-the-world-will-look-like-in-2030-right\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"will look like in 2030 ... right"],"?"],["li","The war vet, the dating site, ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fthe-phone-call-from-hell\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"and the phone call from hell"]],["li","👁 The case for ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Flight-hand-ai-hard-line-china\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"a light hand with AI"],". Plus, the ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fcategory\u002Fbusiness\u002Fartificial-intelligence\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1","isExternal":false},"latest news on artificial intelligence"]],["li","🏃🏽♀️ Want the best tools to get healthy? Check out our Gear team’s picks for the ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fgallery\u002Fbest-fitness-tracker\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories","isExternal":false},"best fitness trackers"],", ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fgallery\u002Fbest-running-gear\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories","isExternal":false},"running gear"]," (including ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwired.com\u002Fgallery\u002Fbest-trail-running-shoes-round-up\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories","isExternal":false},"shoes"]," and ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fgallery\u002Fbest-running-socks\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories","isExternal":false},"socks"],"), and ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fgallery\u002Fbest-headphones-under-100\u002F?itm_campaign=BottomRelatedStories","isExternal":false},"best headphones"]]]],"showBookmark":false,"featureFlags":{"enableAccounts":true,"enableAnalytics":true,"enableDropcap":false,"enableEntitlementProxy":true,"enableEntitlementValidation":true,"enableEntitlementGrantLogic":false,"enableGoogleAmp":true,"enablePayment":true,"enableRecipeRatings":false,"dateFormat":"MM.DD.YYYY hh:mm A","gridWidth":"full-bleed","hideDate":false,"hideRubric":false,"hideHomepageRelated":false,"hideRecircRiser":true,"shouldKeepSubscribeLinkActive":true,"ledeAlignment":"default","summaryDisplayType":"default","isWideImageCard":false,"recentWorkTeaser":"channel-only","contentTeaser":"channel-only","navigationDecorationStyle":"border-thin","preferCollectionGrid":false,"fullWidthBlockStyle":"default","avatarImageShape":"round","overrideBodyContentHeadings":true,"thumbnailImageShape":"rectangle","shouldTransformDashes":true,"rubricParentSlug":"category","enableSponsoredContentInRelated":false,"enableRecipeActions":{"print":true,"save":false},"patternVariations":{"navigation":{"pattern":"Standard","variation":"LogoLeftWithSearchAndHeadline"},"article":{"product-embed":"ImageLeft","external-link-embed":"Inline"},"gallery":{"slide":"ItemLeftCaptionAboveMultipleButtons"},"homepage":{"summaryCollageFive":{"rubric":"DiscoveryCard"},"summaryCollageOne":{"rubric":"DiscoveryCard"},"summaryCollageThree":{"rubric":"DiscoveryCard"},"summaryCollectionGrid":{"rubric":"DiscoveryCard"},"summaryCollectionRow":{"rubric":"DiscoveryItem"}}},"personalizeInlineRecirc":true,"personalizeRecircList":true,"personalizeRecircMostPopular":true,"videoPersistable":false,"cnePlaylistTheme":"inherit","google":{"swgEnabled":true,"signInEnabled":true}},"hasProduct":false,"headerProps":{"brandedInfo":null,"contributors":{"author":{"items":[{"dangerousBio":"\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fcontributor\u002Fwill-knight\"\u003EWill Knight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a senior writer for WIRED, covering artificial intelligence. He was previously a senior editor at \u003Cem\u003EMIT Technology Review\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, where he wrote about fundamental advances in AI and China’s AI boom. Before that, he was an editor and writer at \u003Cem\u003ENew Scientist\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. He studied anthropology and journalism in... \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fcontributor\u002Fwill-knight\"\u003ERead more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E","dangerousTitle":"Senior Writer","name":"Will Knight","socialMedia":[{"label":"Follow Will Knight on Twitter","network":"twitter","handle":"willknight"}],"url":"\u002Fcontributor\u002Fwill-knight"}]}},"dangerousDek":"The computing power required for AI landmarks, such as recognizing images and defeating humans at Go, increased 300,000-fold from 2012 to 2018. ","dangerousHed":"AI Can Do Great Things—if It Doesn't Burn the Planet","issueDate":"","showIssueCopyByDate":false,"lede":{"altText":"Billowing smoke emerging from power plant smoke stacks ","caption":"One algorithm that lets a robot manipulate a Rubik's Cube used as much energy as 3 nuclear plants produce in an hour.","contentType":"photo","credit":"Photograph: Getty 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Twitter"},{"network":"email","url":"mailto:?subject=&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fai-great-things-burn-planet%2F%3Futm_source%3Donsite-share%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_campaign%3Donsite-share%26utm_brand%3Dwired","label":"Share via Email"}]},"contentHeaderCategories":{"hasCategoryEyebrow":false},"contentSponsorNames":[]},"interactiveOverride":{"markup":null,"behavior":null},"isHeroAdVisible":true,"isLicensedPartner":false,"licensedPartnerLink":null,"relatedVideo":{"useRelatedVideo":true,"brand":"wired","related":{"id":"5bd85f40b0c71179a8e94cbb","modelName":"cnevideo","collection":"cnevideos","categories":["Culture","Design","Science"],"channel":"Culture","cneId":"5bd7a0548c1abc2f2500001d","credit":"","dek":"Boston Dynamics CEO Marc Raibert shares the backstory of his company's viral videos and how the internet's favorite robot dog, SpotMini, came to be.","description":"Boston Dynamics CEO Marc Raibert shares the backstory of his company's viral videos and how the 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transformName(e){var t=Object.keys(eventMatcher).filter(function(t){return t===e})[0];return eventMatcher[t]||e}function onPubadsReady$1(){var e={runtimeId:get(window,"cns.runtimeId"),pageContext:getPageContext(window),version:version};pixel({campaign:"ad_metrics",meta:{dim1:JSON.stringify(e)},name:"pubadsReady"})}function emitSparrowPixel(e,t){pixel({campaign:"cns_ads",name:transformName(e),meta:transformPayload(t)})}var sparrowCollector={emitSparrowPixel:emitSparrowPixel,onPubadsReady:onPubadsReady$1};function setPubadsReadyMetric(){performance.mark("GPT-Init")}function setAdsReadyMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-Init")}function setFirstRequestedMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-First-Request"),performance.measure("ATP-Init-To-First-Request","ATP-Init","ATP-First-Request")}function setFirstMoneyRequestedMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-First-Money-Request"),performance.measure("ATP-Init-To-First-Money-Request","ATP-Init","ATP-First-Money-Request")}function setFirstImpressionMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-First-Impression"),performance.measure("ATP-Init-To-First-Impression","ATP-Init","ATP-First-Impression")}function setFirstMoneyImpressionMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-First-Money-Impression"),performance.measure("ATP-Init-To-First-Money-Impression","ATP-Init","ATP-First-Money-Impression")}function setFirstViewableMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-First-Viewable-Impression"),performance.measure("ATP-Init-To-Viewable-Impression","ATP-Init","ATP-First-Viewable-Impression")}function setFirstMoneyViewableMetric(){performance.mark("ATP-First-Money-Viewable-Impression"),performance.measure("ATP-Init-To-Money-Viewable-Impression","ATP-Init","ATP-First-Money-Viewable-Impression")}window.BOOMR_mq=window.BOOMR_mq||[],window.BOOMR_mq.push(["addVar","cnsLib",version]);var events={adsReady:setAdsReadyMetric,pubadsReady:setPubadsReadyMetric,firstRequested:setFirstRequestedMetric,firstMoneyRequested:setFirstMoneyRequestedMetric,firstImpression:setFirstImpressionMetric,firstMoneyImpression:setFirstMoneyImpressionMetric,firstImpressionViewable:setFirstViewableMetric,firstMoneyImpressionViewable:setFirstMoneyViewableMetric};function emitBoomPixel(e){events[e]?events[e]():error("boomerang-rum-collector.eventNotDefined")}function getViewportTemplate(){var e=window.innerWidth;return e<768?"mobile":e<1024?"tablet":"desktop"}function PubadsCollector(){var e=getViewportTemplate(),t={},n={isFirstRequested:!1,isFirstImpression:!1,isImpressionViewable:!1},r=!0,i=!0,o=!0;function a(e,t,r,i){var o=t.slot,a=o.getOutOfPage(),s=o.getAdUnitPath().match(/\.cm\//),c=t.isEmpty;return a||s||c||(n[e]=n[e]?n[e]:r+i),n[e]&&n[e]===r+i}this.emitReady=function(){var e=get(window,"cns.timing.pubadsReady")||Date.now();set(window,"cns.timing.pubadsReady",e),wren.onPubadsReady(),sparrowCollector.onPubadsReady(),emitBoomPixel("pubadsReady")},this.onSlotRenderEnded=function(n){var i=n.slot.getSlotElementId(),o=t[i]||{},s=function(e){var n=new SlotMetricsReport(e),r=t[e.slot.getAdUnitPath()]||{},i=window.cns,o=getPageContext(window),a=getPageTargeting(),s=i.timing||{};return Object.assign({},r,n,o,{pageTargeting:a,version:version},s)}(n),c=o&&o.requestNumber>=0?o.requestNumber+1:0,u=a("isFirstRequested",n,i,c),l={device:e,adBlock:get(window,"cns.pageContext.adBlock")||!1,isRefresh:o&&o.requestNumber>=0,requestNumber:c,injected:Date.now(),isFirstMoneyRequested:u,isFirstRequested:r,viewport:"",impression:"",viewable:""},f=Object.assign(o,l,s);t[i]=f,sparrowCollector.emitSparrowPixel("slotRendered",f),wren.onSlotRenderEnded(n,l),r&&(emitBoomPixel("firstRequested"),r=!1),u&&emitBoomPixel("firstMoneyRequested")},this.onSlotOnload=function(e){var n=e.slot.getSlotElementId(),r=t[n];r&&(r.isFirstMoneyImpression=a("isFirstImpression",e,n,r.requestNumber),r.isFirstImpression=i,r.impression=r.impression||Date.now(),r.isFirstMoneyImpression&&emitBoomPixel("firstMoneyImpression"),i&&(emitBoomPixel("firstImpression"),i=!1))},this.onImpressionViewable=function(e){var n=e.slot.getSlotElementId(),r=t[n]||{};r.viewable=r.viewable||Date.now(),r.isFirstMoneyImpressionViewable=a("isImpressionViewable",e,n,r.requestNumber),r.isFirstImpressionViewable=o,sparrowCollector.emitSparrowPixel("slotImpressionViewable",r),wren.onImpressionViewable(e,r),r.isFirstMoneyImpressionViewable&&emitBoomPixel("firstMoneyImpressionViewable"),o&&(emitBoomPixel("firstImpressionViewable"),o=!1)}}var UNSCOPABLES=_wks("unscopables"),ArrayProto$1=Array.prototype;void 0==ArrayProto$1[UNSCOPABLES]&&_hide(ArrayProto$1,UNSCOPABLES,{});var _addToUnscopables=function(e){ArrayProto$1[UNSCOPABLES][e]=!0},$includes=_arrayIncludes(!0);_export(_export.P,"Array",{includes:function(e){return $includes(this,e,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}}),_addToUnscopables("includes");var stickySizes=["728x90","970x90","300x50","320x50","10x1","8x1","3x1"],stickyIsSize=function(e){return stickySizes.includes(e)};function stickyIsEligible(e,t,n){return"hero_0"===e&&!!t.isSticky&&Array.isArray(n)&&stickyIsSize(n.join("x"))}function isStickyDeviceEnabled(e,t){return!0===e||!!e&&!!e[t]}var es6_array_iterator=_iterDefine(Array,"Array",function(e,t){this._t=_toIobject(e),this._i=0,this._k=t},function(){var e=this._t,t=this._k,n=this._i++;return!e||n>=e.length?(this._t=void 0,_iterStep(1)):_iterStep(0,"keys"==t?n:"values"==t?e[n]:[n,e[n]])},"values");_iterators.Arguments=_iterators.Array,_addToUnscopables("keys"),_addToUnscopables("values"),_addToUnscopables("entries");for(var ITERATOR$4=_wks("iterator"),TO_STRING_TAG=_wks("toStringTag"),ArrayValues=_iterators.Array,DOMIterables={CSSRuleList:!0,CSSStyleDeclaration:!1,CSSValueList:!1,ClientRectList:!1,DOMRectList:!1,DOMStringList:!1,DOMTokenList:!0,DataTransferItemList:!1,FileList:!1,HTMLAllCollection:!1,HTMLCollection:!1,HTMLFormElement:!1,HTMLSelectElement:!1,MediaList:!0,MimeTypeArray:!1,NamedNodeMap:!1,NodeList:!0,PaintRequestList:!1,Plugin:!1,PluginArray:!1,SVGLengthList:!1,SVGNumberList:!1,SVGPathSegList:!1,SVGPointList:!1,SVGStringList:!1,SVGTransformList:!1,SourceBufferList:!1,StyleSheetList:!0,TextTrackCueList:!1,TextTrackList:!1,TouchList:!1},collections=_objectKeys(DOMIterables),i=0;i<collections.length;i++){var NAME$1=collections[i],explicit=DOMIterables[NAME$1],Collection=_global[NAME$1],proto=Collection&&Collection.prototype,key;if(proto&&(proto[ITERATOR$4]||_hide(proto,ITERATOR$4,ArrayValues),proto[TO_STRING_TAG]||_hide(proto,TO_STRING_TAG,NAME$1),_iterators[NAME$1]=ArrayValues,explicit))for(key in es6_array_iterator)proto[key]||_redefine(proto,key,es6_array_iterator[key],!0)}var _strictMethod=function(e,t){return!!e&&_fails(function(){t?e.call(null,function(){},1):e.call(null)})},$sort=[].sort,test=[1,2,3];_export(_export.P+_export.F*(_fails(function(){test.sort(void 0)})||!_fails(function(){test.sort(null)})||!_strictMethod($sort)),"Array",{sort:function(e){return void 0===e?$sort.call(_toObject(this)):$sort.call(_toObject(this),_aFunction(e))}});var SPECIES$1=_wks("species"),_speciesConstructor=function(e,t){var n,r=_anObject(e).constructor;return void 0===r||void 0==(n=_anObject(r)[SPECIES$1])?t:_aFunction(n)},_invoke=function(e,t,n){var r=void 0===n;switch(t.length){case 0:return r?e():e.call(n);case 1:return r?e(t[0]):e.call(n,t[0]);case 2:return r?e(t[0],t[1]):e.call(n,t[0],t[1]);case 3:return r?e(t[0],t[1],t[2]):e.call(n,t[0],t[1],t[2]);case 4:return r?e(t[0],t[1],t[2],t[3]):e.call(n,t[0],t[1],t[2],t[3])}return e.apply(n,t)},process$1=_global.process,setTask=_global.setImmediate,clearTask=_global.clearImmediate,MessageChannel=_global.MessageChannel,Dispatch=_global.Dispatch,counter=0,queue={},ONREADYSTATECHANGE="onreadystatechange",defer,channel,port,run=function(){var e=+this;if(queue.hasOwnProperty(e)){var t=queue[e];delete queue[e],t()}},listener=function(e){run.call(e.data)};setTask&&clearTask||(setTask=function(e){for(var t=[],n=1;arguments.length>n;)t.push(arguments[n++]);return queue[++counter]=function(){_invoke("function"==typeof e?e:Function(e),t)},defer(counter),counter},clearTask=function(e){delete queue[e]},"process"==_cof(process$1)?defer=function(e){process$1.nextTick(_ctx(run,e,1))}:Dispatch&&Dispatch.now?defer=function(e){Dispatch.now(_ctx(run,e,1))}:MessageChannel?(channel=new MessageChannel,port=channel.port2,channel.port1.onmessage=listener,defer=_ctx(port.postMessage,port,1)):_global.addEventListener&&"function"==typeof postMessage&&!_global.importScripts?(defer=function(e){_global.postMessage(e+"","*")},_global.addEventListener("message",listener,!1)):defer=ONREADYSTATECHANGE in _domCreate("script")?function(e){_html.appendChild(_domCreate("script"))[ONREADYSTATECHANGE]=function(){_html.removeChild(this),run.call(e)}}:function(e){setTimeout(_ctx(run,e,1),0)});var _task={set:setTask,clear:clearTask},macrotask=_task.set,Observer=_global.MutationObserver||_global.WebKitMutationObserver,process$2=_global.process,Promise$1=_global.Promise,isNode="process"==_cof(process$2),_microtask=function(){var e,t,n,r=function(){var r,i;for(isNode&&(r=process$2.domain)&&r.exit();e;){i=e.fn,e=e.next;try{i()}catch(r){throw e?n():t=void 0,r}}t=void 0,r&&r.enter()};if(isNode)n=function(){process$2.nextTick(r)};else if(!Observer||_global.navigator&&_global.navigator.standalone)if(Promise$1&&Promise$1.resolve){var i=Promise$1.resolve();n=function(){i.then(r)}}else n=function(){macrotask.call(_global,r)};else{var o=!0,a=document.createTextNode("");new Observer(r).observe(a,{characterData:!0}),n=function(){a.data=o=!o}}return function(r){var i={fn:r,next:void 0};t&&(t.next=i),e||(e=i,n()),t=i}};function PromiseCapability(e){var t,n;this.promise=new e(function(e,r){if(void 0!==t||void 0!==n)throw TypeError("Bad Promise constructor");t=e,n=r}),this.resolve=_aFunction(t),this.reject=_aFunction(n)}var f$4=function(e){return new PromiseCapability(e)},_newPromiseCapability={f:f$4},_perform=function(e){try{return{e:!1,v:e()}}catch(e){return{e:!0,v:e}}},_promiseResolve=function(e,t){if(_anObject(e),_isObject(t)&&t.constructor===e)return t;var n=_newPromiseCapability.f(e);return(0,n.resolve)(t),n.promise},task=_task.set,microtask=_microtask(),PROMISE="Promise",TypeError$1=_global.TypeError,process$3=_global.process,$Promise=_global[PROMISE],isNode$1="process"==_classof(process$3),empty=function(){},Internal,newGenericPromiseCapability,OwnPromiseCapability,Wrapper,newPromiseCapability=newGenericPromiseCapability=_newPromiseCapability.f,USE_NATIVE=!!function(){try{var e=$Promise.resolve(1),t=(e.constructor={})[_wks("species")]=function(e){e(empty,empty)};return(isNode$1||"function"==typeof PromiseRejectionEvent)&&e.then(empty)instanceof t}catch(e){}}(),isThenable=function(e){var t;return!(!_isObject(e)||"function"!=typeof(t=e.then))&&t},notify=function(e,t){if(!e._n){e._n=!0;var n=e._c;microtask(function(){for(var r=e._v,i=1==e._s,o=0,a=function(t){var n,o,a=i?t.ok:t.fail,s=t.resolve,c=t.reject,u=t.domain;try{a?(i||(2==e._h&&onHandleUnhandled(e),e._h=1),!0===a?n=r:(u&&u.enter(),n=a(r),u&&u.exit()),n===t.promise?c(TypeError$1("Promise-chain cycle")):(o=isThenable(n))?o.call(n,s,c):s(n)):c(r)}catch(e){c(e)}};n.length>o;)a(n[o++]);e._c=[],e._n=!1,t&&!e._h&&onUnhandled(e)})}},onUnhandled=function(e){task.call(_global,function(){var t,n,r,i=e._v,o=isUnhandled(e);if(o&&(t=_perform(function(){isNode$1?process$3.emit("unhandledRejection",i,e):(n=_global.onunhandledrejection)?n({promise:e,reason:i}):(r=_global.console)&&r.error&&r.error("Unhandled promise rejection",i)}),e._h=isNode$1||isUnhandled(e)?2:1),e._a=void 0,o&&t.e)throw t.v})},isUnhandled=function(e){return 1!==e._h&&0===(e._a||e._c).length},onHandleUnhandled=function(e){task.call(_global,function(){var t;isNode$1?process$3.emit("rejectionHandled",e):(t=_global.onrejectionhandled)&&t({promise:e,reason:e._v})})},$reject=function(e){var t=this;t._d||(t._d=!0,(t=t._w||t)._v=e,t._s=2,t._a||(t._a=t._c.slice()),notify(t,!0))},$resolve=function(e){var t,n=this;if(!n._d){n._d=!0,n=n._w||n;try{if(n===e)throw TypeError$1("Promise can't be resolved itself");(t=isThenable(e))?microtask(function(){var r={_w:n,_d:!1};try{t.call(e,_ctx($resolve,r,1),_ctx($reject,r,1))}catch(e){$reject.call(r,e)}}):(n._v=e,n._s=1,notify(n,!1))}catch(e){$reject.call({_w:n,_d:!1},e)}}};USE_NATIVE||($Promise=function(e){_anInstance(this,$Promise,PROMISE,"_h"),_aFunction(e),Internal.call(this);try{e(_ctx($resolve,this,1),_ctx($reject,this,1))}catch(e){$reject.call(this,e)}},Internal=function(e){this._c=[],this._a=void 0,this._s=0,this._d=!1,this._v=void 0,this._h=0,this._n=!1},Internal.prototype=_redefineAll($Promise.prototype,{then:function(e,t){var n=newPromiseCapability(_speciesConstructor(this,$Promise));return n.ok="function"!=typeof e||e,n.fail="function"==typeof t&&t,n.domain=isNode$1?process$3.domain:void 0,this._c.push(n),this._a&&this._a.push(n),this._s&¬ify(this,!1),n.promise},catch:function(e){return this.then(void 0,e)}}),OwnPromiseCapability=function(){var e=new Internal;this.promise=e,this.resolve=_ctx($resolve,e,1),this.reject=_ctx($reject,e,1)},_newPromiseCapability.f=newPromiseCapability=function(e){return e===$Promise||e===Wrapper?new OwnPromiseCapability(e):newGenericPromiseCapability(e)}),_export(_export.G+_export.W+_export.F*!USE_NATIVE,{Promise:$Promise}),_setToStringTag($Promise,PROMISE),_setSpecies(PROMISE),Wrapper=_core[PROMISE],_export(_export.S+_export.F*!USE_NATIVE,PROMISE,{reject:function(e){var t=newPromiseCapability(this);return(0,t.reject)(e),t.promise}}),_export(_export.S+_export.F*(_library||!USE_NATIVE),PROMISE,{resolve:function(e){return _promiseResolve(_library&&this===Wrapper?$Promise:this,e)}}),_export(_export.S+_export.F*!(USE_NATIVE&&_iterDetect(function(e){$Promise.all(e).catch(empty)})),PROMISE,{all:function(e){var t=this,n=newPromiseCapability(t),r=n.resolve,i=n.reject,o=_perform(function(){var n=[],o=0,a=1;_forOf(e,!1,function(e){var s=o++,c=!1;n.push(void 0),a++,t.resolve(e).then(function(e){c||(c=!0,n[s]=e,--a||r(n))},i)}),--a||r(n)});return o.e&&i(o.v),n.promise},race:function(e){var t=this,n=newPromiseCapability(t),r=n.reject,i=_perform(function(){_forOf(e,!1,function(e){t.resolve(e).then(n.resolve,r)})});return i.e&&r(i.v),n.promise}});var validSizes=["300x250","300x600","320x50","300x50","728x90","970x250"],timeoutLength=1e3;function clearTargetingByKey(e,t){e.forEach(function(e){e.getTargetingKeys().forEach(function(n){n===t&&e.clearTargeting(n)})})}function clearTargetingByPrefix(e,t){e.getTargetingKeys().forEach(function(n){0===n.indexOf(t)&&e.clearTargeting(n)})}function intersect(e,t){return void 0===e&&(e=[]),void 0===t&&(t=[]),e.filter(function(e){return t.indexOf(e)>-1})}function getSizesFromSlot(e){return e.getSizes(window.innerWidth,window.innerHeight).map(function(e){return"fluid"!==e&&e.getWidth()+"x"+e.getHeight()})}function getValidSizesFromSlot(e,t){return intersect(getSizesFromSlot(e),t)}function hasValidSize(e,t){return e.getSizes&&getValidSizesFromSlot(e,t).length>0}function isSlotEligible(e){return hasValidSize(e,validSizes)}var marketName="index_exchange",positions={hero:["970x250","728x90","320x50","300x50"],footer:["970x250","728x90","320x50","300x50"],"mid-content":["970x250","728x90","320x50","300x250","300x50"],"mid-gallery":["300x250","300x600"],rail:["300x600","300x250"]},targetingKeysToClear=[],scriptLoaded=!1,scriptFailedToLoad=!1;function ixRenderEnded(e){targetingKeysToClear.forEach(function(t){clearTargetingByKey([e.slot],t)})}function IndexExchange(){var e=new EventEmitter(marketName).debug;function t(t){return new Promise(function(n){if(scriptFailedToLoad)n();else{var r=t.getTargeting("pos")[0],i=getValidSizesFromSlot(t,positions[r]).sort().join("_");if(i.length||(r="default",i=getValidSizesFromSlot(t,validSizes)[0]),i){var o;scriptLoaded||(o=setTimeout(function(){scriptFailedToLoad=!0,wren.add({type:"auction.ix.script",status:"delay"}),n()},2e3));var a=r+"_"+i;window.headertag.cmd.push(function(){e("retrieveDemand."+a),scriptLoaded||(scriptLoaded=!0,clearTimeout(o)),scriptFailedToLoad&&(scriptFailedToLoad=!1);var r=setTimeout(n,timeoutLength);window.headertag.retrieveDemand([{htSlotName:a}],function(i){if(clearTimeout(r),i.slot&&i.slot[a]){e("complete."+a,i.slot[a]);var o={};i.slot[a].forEach(function(e){var t=e.targeting;Object.keys(t).forEach(function(e){o[e]?o[e]=o[e].concat(t[e]):o[e]=t[e],-1===targetingKeysToClear.indexOf(e)&&targetingKeysToClear.push(e)})}),Object.keys(o).forEach(function(e){t.setTargeting(e,o[e])})}else e("noDemand."+t.getSlotElementId()),wren.add({type:"auction.ix",slotName:a});n()})})}else n()}})}window.headertag=window.headertag||{},window.headertag.cmd=window.headertag.cmd||[],this.startAuction=function(n){return e("startAuction",n.map(function(e){return e.getSlotElementId()})),Promise.all(n.map(t)).then(function(){return n.map(function(){return{}})})},this.isSlotEligible=isSlotEligible}var _flags=function(){var e=_anObject(this),t="";return e.global&&(t+="g"),e.ignoreCase&&(t+="i"),e.multiline&&(t+="m"),e.unicode&&(t+="u"),e.sticky&&(t+="y"),t};function decode(e){return decodeURIComponent(e.replace(/\+/g," "))}function querystring(e){for(var t,n=/([^=?&]+)=?([^&]*)/g,r={};t=n.exec(e);){var i=decode(t[1]),o=decode(t[2]);i in r||(r[i]=o)}return r}_descriptors&&"g"!=/./g.flags&&_objectDp.f(RegExp.prototype,"flags",{configurable:!0,get:_flags}),_fixReWks("search",1,function(e,t,n){return[function(n){var r=e(this),i=void 0==n?void 0:n[t];return void 0!==i?i.call(n,r):new RegExp(n)[t](String(r))},n]});var parse=querystring;function getFeatures(e){return e&&"string"==typeof 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mergeObjectsOfArrays(e){return concatUniques(e.map(Object.keys)).reduce(function(t,n){var r=e.map(function(e){return e[n]}).filter(Array.isArray);return r.length&&(t[n]=concatUniques(r)),t},{})}_export(_export.S,"Object",{values:function(e){return $values(e)}});var isRunningOnClient="undefined"!=typeof window;function isObject(e){return"object"==typeof e&&e.constructor===Object}function getRender(e){return pick(e,["desktop","tablet","mobile","constellation","slot"])}function stringToFunction(string){return eval("("+string+")")}function slotComplexRenderPreProcessor(e){Object.values(e||{}).forEach(function(e){isObject(e)&&e.every&&e.el&&(e.when&&(e.when=isRunningOnClient&&stringToFunction(e.when)||e.when.toString()),e.in&&e.in.el&&e.in.when&&(e.in.when=isRunningOnClient&&stringToFunction(e.in.when)||e.in.when.toString()))})}function slotComplexRenderProcessor(e){e&&(e.slot?slotComplexRenderPreProcessor(e.slot):Object.values(e).forEach(function(e){slotComplexRenderPreProcessor(e.slot)}))}function mergePlugins(e,t){return Object.keys(t).reduce(function(n,r){var i=merge([{},e[r],t[r]],function(e,t){if(!1!==e&&!0===t)return e});return i&&(n[r]=i),n},{})}function mergeSlotTypeDefinitions(e,t){return Object.keys(t).reduce(function(n,r){var i=mergeAdTechConfigs(e[r],t[r]);return i&&(n[r]=i),n},{})}var specialKeys={types:function(e,t){if(isObject(e))return mergeSlotTypeDefinitions(e,t)},groups:function(e,t){return e?isObject(e)?concatUniques([e,t]):void 0:t},targeting:function(e,t){return e?isObject(e)?mergeObjectsOfArrays([e,t]):void 0:t},position:function(e,t){return e?isObject(e)?mergeObjectsOfArrays([e,t]):void 0:t},content_type:function(e,t){return e?isObject(e)?mergeObjectsOfArrays([e,t]):void 0:t},sizes:function(e,t){if(isObject(e))return mergeViewportSizes(e,t)},render:function(e,t){return slotComplexRenderProcessor(e),slotComplexRenderProcessor(t),getRender(e?t||e:t)},plugins:mergePlugins};function adConfigMerger(e,t,n){var r;return specialKeys[n]?r=specialKeys[n](e,t):Array.isArray(e)&&Array.isArray(t)&&(r=t),r}function mergeAdTechConfigs(e,t){return merge([{},e,t],adConfigMerger)}var _stringContext=function(e,t,n){if(_isRegexp(t))throw TypeError("String#"+n+" doesn't accept regex!");return String(_defined(e))},MATCH$1=_wks("match"),_failsIsRegexp=function(e){var t=/./;try{"/./"[e](t)}catch(n){try{return t[MATCH$1]=!1,!"/./"[e](t)}catch(e){}}return!0},STARTS_WITH="startsWith",$startsWith=""[STARTS_WITH];_export(_export.P+_export.F*_failsIsRegexp(STARTS_WITH),"String",{startsWith:function(e){var t=_stringContext(this,e,STARTS_WITH),n=_toLength(Math.min(arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0,t.length)),r=String(e);return $startsWith?$startsWith.call(t,r,n):t.slice(n,n+r.length)===r}});var errorMessage$1="Ads -- Ad unit path generation error : ",matcher="[^A-Za-z0-9]";function dashSlugify(e){var t=new RegExp(matcher,"g");return e&&e.toString().toLowerCase().replace(t,"-").replace(/-+/g,"-").replace(/(^-|-$)/g,"")}function evalPath(fnString,options){try{var pathFn=eval("("+fnString+")");if("function"==typeof pathFn)return pathFn(options);error(errorMessage$1+" generation function is not a function")}catch(e){e(errorMessage$1+" generation function cannot be evaluated")}}function searchMap(e,t){return Object.keys(e).reduce(function(n,r){return find(e[r],function(e){return e===t})?r:n},!1)}function findCategory(e){var t=e.channel,n=t?dashSlugify(t):"misc";return"home"===n?"homepage":n}function findContentType(e){var t=get(e,"adUnit.map.contentType");t||error(errorMessage$1+" Content type map is missing in the config");var n=searchMap(t,e.templateType);return n||error(errorMessage$1+" contentType is undefined"),n}function matchAdUnitPathComponent(e,t,n){void 0===t&&(t=[]),void 0===n&&(n=""),t.sort(function(e,t){var n=Array.isArray(e)?e[0].length:e.length;return(Array.isArray(t)?t[0].length:t.length)-n});for(var r=0;r<t.length;r+=1){var i=Array.isArray(t[r]),o=i?t[r][0]:t[r];if(e.startsWith(o))return i?t[r][1]:o}return n||e}function buildMatchedAdUnitPath(e,t){var n=e.categoryMatch,r=void 0===n?[]:n,i=e.contentTypeMatch,o=void 0===i?[]:i,a=matchAdUnitPathComponent(t.category,r),s=matchAdUnitPathComponent(a,[matchAdUnitPathComponent(t.contentType,o)],t.contentType);return t.network+"/"+t.suffix+"/"+t.position+"/"+a+"/"+s+"/"+t.instance}function buildOrEvalPath(e,t){return Array.isArray(e.categoryMatch)?buildMatchedAdUnitPath(e,t):evalPath(e.generatePath,t)}function buildAdUnitPath(e){var t=e.position,n=e.network,r=e.positionCount,i=e.suffix,o=e.contentType||findContentType(e),a=findCategory(e),s={network:n,position:t,category:a,contentType:o,instance:r,suffix:i};return set(window,"cns.adUnit.contentType",o),set(window,"cns.adUnit.category",a),buildOrEvalPath({generatePath:get(e,"adUnit.generatePath"),categoryMatch:get(e,"adUnit.categoryMatch"),contentTypeMatch:get(e,"adUnit.contentTypeMatch")},s)}function buildLegacyPath(e){return evalPath(get(e,"adUnit.generateLegacyPath"),e)}function buildOverridePath(e){return e.network+"/"+e.override.replace(/,/g,"/")}function slugifyChannels(e){var t=e.channel,n=e.subChannel;return{channel:dashSlugify(t)||"",subChannel:dashSlugify(n)||""}}function generatePathOptions(e,t){var n=e.positionCount,r=e.network,i=e.override,o=e.suffix,a=e.templateType,s=e.slotName,c=e.shouldUseLegacyPath,u=e.position,l=slugifyChannels(e),f=l.channel,d=l.subChannel;return{adUnit:t.adUnit,network:r,override:i,templateType:a,positionCount:n,shouldUseLegacyPath:c,slotName:s,channel:f,subChannel:d,suffix:o,contentType:t.contentType,position:u}}function getAdUnitPath(e,t){var n,r=generatePathOptions(e,t);return(n=r.override?buildOverridePath(r):r.shouldUseLegacyPath?buildLegacyPath(r):buildAdUnitPath(r))||error(errorMessage$1),debug(e.slotName+".adUnitPathGenerated",n),n}var SlotCounter=function(){var e={};this.next=function(t){e[t]=e[t]||0;var n=e[t];return e[t]++,n}},PositionCounter=function(){var e={};this.next=function(t){e[t]=e[t]||1;var n=e[t];return e[t]++,n}};function defineReadOnlyProperties(e,t){for(var n=Object.keys(t),r={},i=0;i<n.length;i++){var o=n[i];r[o]={value:t[o],writable:!1,enumerable:!0}}return Object.defineProperties(e,r)}function freeze(e){try{return Object.freeze(e)}catch(e){throw new Error('Must use "new" keyword to instantiate, must support Object.freeze.')}}function matchVariantPattern(e,t){var n=!1;return t.forEach(function(t){!n&&e[t]&&(n=e[t])}),n||e._default||e.__default}function getSpecificityPattern(e){var t=e.slug,n=e.channel,r=e.subChannel,i=e.templateType;return[t,n+"_"+r+"_"+i,n+"_"+i,""+i]}function getSlotNamesForPage(e,t){var n=getSpecificityPattern(e);return matchVariantPattern(get(t,"slot.sets"),n)}function getConfig(){return get(window,"cns.config.config")}function getBrandAdUnitId(){return get(getConfig(),"slot.__auid_one")}function getAdUnit(){var e=get(window,"cns.config.config.ad_unit")||{};return{generatePath:e.generate_path,categoryMatch:e.category_match,contentTypeMatch:e.content_type_match,generateLegacyPath:e.generate_legacy_path,map:{contentType:get(e,"map.content_type")}}}function getNetwork(){return get(window,"cns.config.config.network")}function getViewportRange(e,t,n){var r=getConfig()[n],i=r&&matchVariantPattern(r,e);return i&&i[t]||i||0}function getPathOverride(){return queryParameters&&queryParameters.ao_iu}function getVersoFlag(e){var t=get(e,"keywords.platform")||[];return!(!t.length||"verso"!==t[0])}function getOverrideVpRange(e,t){return get(t,"request_vp_range."+e)}function CompleteDefiner(e,t,n){var r=new SlotCounter,i=new PositionCounter,o=getSpecificityPattern(e),a=getConfig(),s=a.slot.types,c=getSlotNamesForPage(e,a),u=s._default||{},l={forChildren:"for_children",hasStaticRefreshSize:"static_refresh_size",canBeHidden:"can_be_hidden",shouldWaitForReact:"insert_after_react_ready",requiredTargeting:"required_targeting",isSticky:"is_sticky"};function f(e){var t=e.render;return t&&(t.slot||t[n]&&t[n].slot)}function d(e,t,r,i){e||warn("Invalid sizes: unable to define '"+r+"' on "+n+".",{definition:i,slotName:r}),t||warn("Invalid render: unable to define: '"+r+"' on "+n,{definition:i,slotName:r})}var g=freeze(c.reduce(function(e,r){var i=mergeAdTechConfigs(mergeAdTechConfigs(u,s[r]._default),function(e){var n=matchVariantPattern(s[e],o);return t?mergeAdTechConfigs(n,t):n}(r));return function(e,t,n){var r=t.sizes,i=r&&r[n]&&r[n].length,o=r&&!1===r[n],a=f(t),s=i&&!o;return!!t.isOutOfPage||(d(s,a,e,t),i&&!o&&a)}(r,i,n)&&(e[r]=freeze(i)),e},{})),p=freeze(Object.keys(g)),h=new function(){defineReadOnlyProperties(this,{slug:e.slug,server:e.server,keywords:e.keywords,channel:e.channel||"misc",subChannel:e.subChannel,device:n,templateType:e.templateType,contentType:e.contentType,forChildren:e[l.forChildren],slotNames:p,network:getNetwork(),brand:getBrandAdUnitId(),requestViewportRange:getViewportRange(o,n,"request_vp_range"),adUnit:getAdUnit(),isVerso:getVersoFlag(e)}),freeze(this)};function m(t){var o=new RegExp(/cm/),a=g[t],s=o.test(a.suffix);function c(e,n){var o=this;e=void 0!==e?e:r.next(t),defineReadOnlyProperties(this,{id:t+"_"+e,slotCount:e,positionCount:n=void 0!==n?n:i.next(this.position)}),this.getAdUnitPath=function(){return getAdUnitPath(o,h)},freeze(this)}this.getRenderBlock=function(){return f(a)},this.getSizes=function(){return a.sizes[n]},this.getSizesArray=function(){return sizesToArray(a.sizes[n])},this.getSizeMapping=function(){return{desktop:sizesToArray(a.sizes.desktop),tablet:sizesToArray(a.sizes.tablet),mobile:sizesToArray(a.sizes.mobile)}},this.shouldWaitUntilVisibleBeforeDisplay=function(){var e=a[l.canBeHidden];return!s&&!e},this.getCustomData=function(){return a.data},c.prototype=this,this.getSlotDefinition=function(){return new c},this.getSlotDefinitionFromGPTSlot=function(e){var t=parseInt(e.getTargeting("pos_instance")[0],10);return new c(parseInt(e.getTargeting("ctx_slot_instance")[0],10),t)},this.getSlotRefreshTime=function(e,t){var n=e;return e&&e[t]&&(n=e[t]),n},defineReadOnlyProperties(this,{slotName:t,isCM:s,isOutOfPage:!!a.isOutOfPage,refresh:this.getSlotRefreshTime(a.refresh,n),isSticky:isStickyDeviceEnabled(a[l.isSticky],n),hasStaticRefreshSize:!!a[l.hasStaticRefreshSize],suffix:a.suffix,channel:e.channel,subChannel:e.subChannel,templateType:e.templateType,override:getPathOverride(),brand:getBrandAdUnitId(),network:getNetwork(),shouldUseLegacyPath:a.should_use_legacy_path,shouldWaitForReact:!!a[l.shouldWaitForReact],requiredTargeting:a[l.requiredTargeting]||[],position:a.position,overrideRequestViewportRange:getOverrideVpRange(n,a)}),freeze(this)}this.getSlotTypeDefinition=function(e){return new m(e)},this.getSlotDefinitionFromGPTSlot=function(e){var t=e.getSlotElementId().split("_");return t.pop(),new m(t.join("_")).getSlotDefinitionFromGPTSlot(e)},this.getPageDefinition=function(){return h},freeze(this)}var reactReadyEvent="react.ready";function onReactReady(){set(window,"_cne.pageCreated",!0)}function enableCNE(e){if(e.history(reactReadyEvent).length)return onReactReady();e.on(reactReadyEvent,onReactReady)}var eval2=eval;function getText(e){for(var t="",n=e.childNodes,r=0;r<n.length;r++){var i=n[r];8!==i.nodeType&&(t+=1!==i.nodeType?i.nodeValue:getText(i))}return t}function setMeta(e,t,n){var r=getText(n[t]);return{index:t,isOdd:!!(t%2),isEven:!(t%2),isFirst:0===t,isLast:t===e-1,characterCount:r.split("").length,wordCount:r.split(" ").length}}function isValidComplexInjection(e){return"string"==typeof e.el&&"number"==typeof e.every&&("object"==typeof e.in&&"string"==typeof e.in.el||"string"==typeof e.in)}var insertionMethodMap={top:"prepend",bottom:"append",after:"after"};function normalizeMethod(e){return insertionMethodMap[e]||e}var insertionMethods={before:function(e){return e.previousSibling},above:function(e){return e.previousSibling},after:function(e){return e.nextSibling},below:function(e){return e.nextSibling},prepend:function(e){return e.firstElementChild},append:function(e){return e.lastElementChild}};function getInsertionTarget(e,t){if(insertionMethods[t])return insertionMethods[t](e);console.error("unknown insertion method for getInsertionTarget",{el:e,method:t})}function alreadyExists(e,t){var n=getInsertionTarget(e,t),r=n&&n.classList&&n.classList.contains("cns-ads-stage"),i=n&&n.firstChild,o=i&&i.classList&&i.classList.contains("cns-ads-stage");return!(!r&&!o)}function checkEvery(e){var t=e.injectionBlock,n=e.index;return"number"==typeof t.every&&!!t.every&&"number"==typeof n}function checkCustomCondition(e){return"function"==typeof e.customConditionFn}var shouldAddSlotConditions=[{name:"every",check:checkEvery,fn:function(e){return(e.index+1)%e.injectionBlock.every==0}},{name:"custom condition",check:checkCustomCondition,fn:function(e){return(0,e.customConditionFn)(e.domNode,e.meta)}}];function shouldAddSlot(e){for(var t=0;t<shouldAddSlotConditions.length;t++){var n="shouldAddSlot."+shouldAddSlotConditions[t].name;if(shouldAddSlotConditions[t].check(e)){var r=void 0;try{r=shouldAddSlotConditions[t].fn(e)}catch(t){debug(n+".conditionThrew",{ex:t,facts:e})}if(!r)return debug(n+".conditionNotMet",e),r;debug(n+".conditionFalse",e)}else debug(n+".checkFailed",e)}return!0}function getParentSelector(e){return"string"==typeof e?e:e.el}function getEvalResult(e){if(e)try{return eval2("("+e+")")}catch(e){error("seriesInjection",e)}}function getDomNodesForInjectionBlock(e){var t=0,n=0,r=find$1(getParentSelector(e.in));if(!r)return[];for(var i=findAll(r,e.el),o=i.length,a=getEvalResult(e.when),s=[],c=0;c<o;c++){var u=i[c],l=setMeta(o,c,i);t+=l.characterCount,n+=l.wordCount,l.accumulatedCharacterCount=t,l.accumulatedWordCount=n,shouldAddSlot({index:c,domNode:u,meta:l,customConditionFn:a,injectionBlock:e})&&s.push(u)}return s}function getCandidateElementsFromRenderBlock(e){return Object.keys(e).reduce(function(t,n){var r,i=e[n];return"string"==typeof i?r=findAll(i):isValidComplexInjection(i)?r=getDomNodesForInjectionBlock(i):(r=[],error("invalid",i)),n=normalizeMethod(n),(r=r.filter(function(e){return!alreadyExists(e,n)}))&&r.length&&(t[n]=r),t},{})}var PromiseLock=function(){var e;return function(t){return function(){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n),i=0;i<n;i++)r[i]=arguments[i];if(e){var o=e.then(function(){return t.apply(void 0,r)});return e=o.then(function(){}),o}return e=t.apply(void 0,r)}}};function createContainerEl(e,t,n){var r=createElement("div",{id:e+"_"+t});return addClasses(r,["cns-ads-container"]),setStyle(r,{margin:"0px auto",boxSizing:"content-box"}),n&&setElementData(r,n),r}function createAdDivs(e,t,n,r){var i="cns-ads-slot-type-",o=e.replace(new RegExp("_","g"),"-").toLowerCase(),a=createElement("div",{id:""+i+o+"-"+t});addClasses(a,["cns-ads-stage",i+o,i+o+"-"+t]),setElementData(a,{name:e+"_"+t,"slot-type":e}),r||setStyle(a,{fontSize:0,lineHeight:0,overflow:"hidden"}),"_out_of_page"===e&&addClasses(a,["cns-ads-slot-type-out-of-page"]);var s=createElement("div");return addClasses(s,["cns-ads-flex-sizer"]),a.appendChild(s),a.appendChild(createContainerEl(e,t,n)),a}function InjectRefreshDisplayInjectionStrategy(e,t,n,r){window.googletag=window.googletag||{};var i=window.googletag,o={after:function(e,t){return e.parentNode.insertBefore(t,e.nextSibling)},prepend:function(e,t){return e.insertBefore(t,e.children[0])},append:function(e,t){return e.appendChild(t)},before:function(e,t){return e.parentNode.insertBefore(t,e)}};this.insertSlot=function(a,s,c,u,l){fastdom.mutate(function(){var f=createAdDivs(s.slotName,s.slotCount,s.getCustomData(),r);!function(e,t,n){o[t]?o[t](e,n):e[t](n)}(c,u,f),l(f,s,function(){!function(r,o){var a=t.getSingleInstance().getPageDefinition();e(["refreshLC-serviceLT"],{pageDefinition:a},function(t){return applyTargeting(i.pubads(),t),e(["refresh"],{slotDefinition:o,slot:r,pageDefinition:a},function(e){e?(applyTargeting(r,e),n.reset(o),i.pubads().refresh([r],{changeCorrelator:!1}),debug("refreshing."+r.getSlotElementId())):error("slot targeting is missing",a,o)})})}(a,s)})})}}var allowedIntersectionOptions=["threshold","rootMargin"],defaultIntersectionObserverOptions={threshold:0,rootMargin:"0px 0px"},_ref=new EventEmitter("VisibilityObserver"),debug$1=_ref.debug,error$1=_ref.error;function isIntersecting(e){return any(e,function(e){return e.isIntersecting})}function hasHigherIntersectionRatio(e,t){return void 0===e||any(t,function(t){return t.intersectionRatio>=(e||0)})}function getIntersectionObserverOptions(e){return Object.assign({},defaultIntersectionObserverOptions,pick(e,allowedIntersectionOptions))}function observeEvents(e,t,n,r){fastdom.measure(function(){try{var i=new IntersectionObserver(function(r){hasHigherIntersectionRatio(t.intersectionRatio,r)&&isIntersecting(r)?(debug$1("visible",{el:e,entries:r}),n(!0,i)):(debug$1("notVisible",{el:e,entries:r}),n(!1,i))},getIntersectionObserverOptions(t));i.observe(e)}catch(e){r(e)}})}function onIntersection(e,t,n){observeEvents(e,t,function(e){return n(e)},function(e){return error$1("onIntersection",e)})}function onceVisible(e,t){return new Promise(function(n,r){observeEvents(e,t,function(e,t){e&&(n(),t.disconnect())},r)})}function reactRule(e,t){return!e||t}function targetingRule(e,t,n){var r=Object.keys(n),i=Object.keys(t);return all(e,function(e){return find(r,function(t){return t===e})||find(i,function(t){return t===e})})}function canRequest(e){var t=e.slotTypeDefinition,n=e.pageTargeting,r=e.slotTargeting,i=e.reactReady,o=!!r,a=targetingRule(t.requiredTargeting,r,n),s=reactRule(t.shouldWaitForReact,i),c=o&&a&&s;return debug("canRequest."+t.slotName+"."+c,{slotTypeDefinition:t,pageTargeting:n,slotTargeting:r,reactReady:i}),c}function UnassumingInsert(e,t,n,r){window.googletag=window.googletag||{};var i=window.googletag,o=t.withTargeting,a=r.getSingleInstance().getPageDefinition().isVerso,s=new InjectRefreshDisplayInjectionStrategy(o,r,n,a),c=!1;var u,l=(new PromiseLock)(function(e){var t=e.getSingleInstance().getPageDefinition();return o(["service"],{pageDefinition:t},function(n){if(n)return applyTargeting(i.pubads(),n),Promise.all(t.slotNames.map(function(r){var a,u,l,f,d=e.getSingleInstance().getSlotTypeDefinition(r);return u=function(e,r){return o(["slot"],{pageTargeting:n,slotTypeDefinition:d,reactReady:c,el:e},function(o){if(o)if(canRequest({slotTypeDefinition:d,pageTargeting:n,slotTargeting:o,reactReady:c})){var a,u=d.getSlotDefinition(),l=(a=u).isOutOfPage?i.defineOutOfPageSlot(a.getAdUnitPath(),a.id):i.defineSlot(a.getAdUnitPath(),a.getSizesArray(),a.id).defineSizeMapping(getSizeMapping(a));l?(l.addService(window.googletag.pubads()),applyTargeting(l,o),s.insertSlot(l,u,e,r,function(e,t){return function(n,r,o){var a=function(e){if(e.shouldWaitUntilVisibleBeforeDisplay())return onceVisible}(r),s=function(){var e=r.id;debug("insert.display",e),i.display(e),o()},c=e.requestViewportRange,u=t.overrideRequestViewportRange;if(a)return a(n,{rootMargin:(void 0!==u?u:c)+"px 0px"}).then(s);s()}}(t,d))):error("the slot cannot be defined",u,l)}else debug(d.slotName+".notRequestable",d,c,n,o);else error("slot type targeting is missing",t,d)})},f=(a=d).getRenderBlock(),l=getCandidateElementsFromRenderBlock(f),Promise.all(Object.keys(l).map(function(e){return debug("candidatesByMethod."+a.slotName,{method:e,els:l[e],definition:a}),Promise.all(l[e].map(function(t){return u(t,e)}))}))}));error("page targeting 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r=-1^n,i=e.length-7,o=0;o<i;)r=(r=(r=(r=(r=(r=(r=(r=r>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])];for(;o<i+7;)r=r>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])];return-1^r}(e,n);for(var r=-1^n,i=e.length-3,o=0;o<i;)r=(r=(r=(r=r>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])])>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])];for(;o<i+3;)r=r>>>8^t[255&(r^e[o++])];return-1^r},e.str=function(e,n){for(var r,i,o=-1^n,a=0,s=e.length;a<s;)(r=e.charCodeAt(a++))<128?o=o>>>8^t[255&(o^r)]:r<2048?o=(o=o>>>8^t[255&(o^(192|r>>6&31))])>>>8^t[255&(o^(128|63&r))]:r>=55296&&r<57344?(r=64+(1023&r),i=1023&e.charCodeAt(a++),o=(o=(o=(o=o>>>8^t[255&(o^(240|r>>8&7))])>>>8^t[255&(o^(128|r>>2&63))])>>>8^t[255&(o^(128|i>>6&15|(3&r)<<4))])>>>8^t[255&(o^(128|63&i))]):o=(o=(o=o>>>8^t[255&(o^(224|r>>12&15))])>>>8^t[255&(o^(128|r>>6&63))])>>>8^t[255&(o^(128|63&r))];return-1^o}},"undefined"==typeof DO_NOT_EXPORT_CRC?n(t):n({})}),userData;function getBucket(e){void 0===e&&(e="1234567");var t=crc32.str(e).toString(16).match(/^\d+|\d+\b|\d+(?=\w)/g);if(t)return parseInt(t[t.length-1],10)%100+1}function isStorageEnabled(){try{return window.localStorage.setItem("testKey","1"),window.localStorage.removeItem("testKey"),!0}catch(e){return!1}}function checkDate(e,t){return t>e}function trimDate(e,t){return e?e.toString().split(",").filter(function(e){var n=parseInt(e,10);return checkDate(t,n)}):[]}function timeTravel(e,t){var n=new Date(e).getDate()-t;return new Date(e).setDate(n)}function getSessionData(){var e=(new Date).getTime(),t=timeTravel(e,1),n=timeTravel(e,30),r=parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("session-visits"),10)||0;sessionStorage.setItem("session-visits",(r+1).toString());var i=sessionStorage.getItem("session-visits"),o=localStorage.getItem("session-visit-dates"),a=localStorage.getItem("total-visits");r||(o=o?o+","+e:e);var 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RegExp(/^GA1.2./).test(t)&&(e=t.split("GA1.2.")[1]),{usr_gid:e}}function getUserDataPageTargeting(){if(!isStorageEnabled())return{};if(userData)return userData;var e=document.referrer;return userData=Object.assign({},getUserBuckets(),getSessionData(),getReferrer(e),getMediaBuy(),getUserAuth(),getUserGid())}function AdobeAudienceManager(){function e(e,t){var n=t[0],r=t[1],i="vnd_aam_"+n.toLowerCase(),o=e[i]||[];return o.push(r),e[i]=o,e}this.getTargeting=function(){var t=getCookie("aamconde"),n=getCookie("aam_uuid"),r=t&&function(t){return decodeURIComponent(t).split(";").map(function(e){return e.split("=")}).reduce(e,{})}(t),i=n&&{vnd_aam_uuid:[decodeURIComponent(n)]};return Object.assign({},i,r)}}function Proximic(){this.getTargeting=function(){var e,t=get(window,"CN.ad.proximic.pxData.data");return t?((e={}).vnd_prx_segments=t,e):(window.gotSegmentData=this.gotSegmentData,{})}.bind(this),this.gotSegmentData=function(e){var t,n=e.data;applyTargeting(window.googletag.pubads(),((t={}).vnd_prx_segments=n,t))}}function fromCamelToSnake(e){return e.replace(/([a-z])([A-Z])/g,"$1_$2").toLowerCase()}function set$2(e,t,n){void 0===e[t]&&(e[t]=n)}function push(e,t,n){e[t]=e[t]||[],e[t].push(n)}function contains(e,t){return-1!==e.indexOf(t)}function startsWith(e,t){return e.slice(0,t.length)===t}function getTargeting(e,t,n,r){for(var i=r.el,o=e.length,a={},s=i;s;)1===s.nodeType&&function(){var r=s.dataset;Object.keys(r).forEach(function(i){var s=r[i];if(startsWith(i,e)&&"string"==typeof s){var c=fromCamelToSnake(i.slice(o)),u=contains(t,c)?s.split(","):s;contains(n,c)?push(a,c,u):set$2(a,c,u)}})}(),s=s.parentNode;return a}var invalidSpecialCharacters=new RegExp("[\"',=!#~;<>\\]+*^()[\\s]","g"),consecutiveUnderscores=/_+/g,consecutiveDashes=/-+/g,leadingTrailingUnderscores=/(^_|_$)/g,leadingTrailingDashes=/(^-|-$)/g,leadingNumbers=/^[0-9]/,allowedTypes=["string","number"],isAllowedType=function(e){return allowedTypes.indexOf(typeof e)>=0},isValidValue=function(e){return isAllowedType(e)};function toArray(e){return Array.isArray(e)?e:[e]}function isValidKey(e){return(e=e.toString().trim()).length&&!e.match(invalidSpecialCharacters)&&e.length<=20&&!e.match(leadingNumbers)}function applyGPTLimits(e){return e.toString().toLowerCase().replace(invalidSpecialCharacters,"_").replace(consecutiveUnderscores,"_").replace(leadingTrailingUnderscores,"")}function push$1(e,t,n){e[t]=e[t]||[],e[t].push(n)}function sanitizeWithDashes(e){return e.toString().toLowerCase().replace(invalidSpecialCharacters,"-").replace(consecutiveDashes,"-").replace(leadingTrailingDashes,"")}function sanitize(e){for(var t={},n={},r=Object.keys(e),i=0;i<r.length;i++){var o=r[i];if(isValidKey(o))for(var a=toArray(e[o]),s=0;s<a.length;s++){var c=a[s];isValidValue(c)?push$1(t,o,applyGPTLimits(c)):push$1(n,o,c)}else n[o]=e[o]}return{sanitized:t,errors:n}}function getAllKeywordTargeting(e){void 0===e&&(e={});var t={};return Object.keys(e).forEach(function(n){t["cnt_"+n]=e[n]}),t}function TargetingLifecycle(e,t){var n=new LifecycleRegistrar(["service","slot","refresh","refreshLC-serviceLT"]),r=new AdobeAudienceManager,i=new Proximic;function o(e){if(!1===e)return e;var t=sanitize(e),n=t.errors,r=t.sanitized;return n&&Object.keys(n).length&&debug("targetingSanitizationErrors",{errors:n,sanitized:r}),r}if(n.register("service",function(e){var t=e.pageDefinition;return Object.assign({env_device_type:t.device,ctx_template:t.templateType,ctx_page_channel:sanitizeWithDashes(t.channel),ctx_page_sub_channel:t.subChannel,env_server:t.server,ctx_cns_version:version,ctx_page_slug:t.slug},getAllKeywordTargeting(t.keywords))}),n.register("service",t.getTargeting),n.register("service",getUserDataPageTargeting),n.register("service",r.getTargeting),n.register("service",i.getTargeting),n.register("service",getUserSegments),n.register("refreshLC-serviceLT",get4DTargeting),Object.keys(queryParameters).length&&n.register("service",function(){var e=queryParameters.ao_test,t=queryParameters.service_targeting,n={};if(e&&(n.ao_test=e.split(",")),t){var r=JSON.parse(t);Object.keys(r).forEach(function(e){n[e]=r[e]})}return n}),n.register("slot",function(e){var t=e.slotTypeDefinition;return{pos:t.position,ctx_slot_type:t.slotName,ctx_slot_rn:0}}),n.register("slot",getTargeting.bind(null,"ads",["cnt_tags","cnt_cm"],[])),n.register("refresh",function(e){var t=e.slotDefinition;return{pos_instance:t.positionCount,ctx_slot_instance:t.slotCount,ctx_slot_name:t.id}}),auctioneer.areAuctionsEnabled(e)){if(auctioneer.isAuctionEnabled(e,"amazon_match_buy")){var a=new AmazonMatchBuy;n.register("refresh",auctioneer.createSlotAuctionEligible(a),auctioneer.createStartAuction(a))}if(auctioneer.isAuctionEnabled(e,"index_exchange")){var s=new IndexExchange;n.register("refresh",auctioneer.createSlotAuctionEligible(s),auctioneer.createStartAuction(s))}if(auctioneer.isAuctionEnabled(e,"prebid")){var c=new Prebid(e);n.register("refresh",auctioneer.createSlotAuctionEligible(c),auctioneer.createStartAuction(c))}}this.register=n.register,this.withTargeting=function(e,t,r){return Promise.resolve(n.apply(e,t)).then(o).then(r)}}function UniqueTimerStore(){var e={};function t(t){var n=e[t];n&&(clearTimeout(n),e[t]=null)}this.startTimer=function(n,r,i){t(n),e[n]=setTimeout(function(){t(n),r()},i)},this.endTimer=t}function KeyCounter(){var 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