Files
AI/참고/instructor-main/instructor/processing/response.py
2026-05-12 19:40:31 +09:00

715 lines
28 KiB
Python

"""
This module serves as the central dispatcher for processing responses from various LLM providers
(OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Cohere, etc.) and transforming them into structured Pydantic models.
It handles different response formats, streaming responses, validation, and error recovery.
The module supports 40+ different modes across providers, each with specific handling logic
for request formatting and response parsing. It also provides retry mechanisms (reask) for
handling validation errors gracefully.
Key Components:
- Response processing functions for sync/async operations
- Mode-based response model handlers for different providers
- Error recovery and retry logic for validation failures
- Support for streaming, partial, parallel, and iterable response models
Example:
```python
from instructor.process_response import process_response
from ..mode import Mode
from pydantic import BaseModel
class User(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int
# Process an OpenAI response
processed = process_response(
response=openai_response,
response_model=User,
mode=Mode.TOOLS,
stream=False
)
```
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import inspect
import logging
from typing import Any, TypeVar, TYPE_CHECKING, cast
from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Callable
from openai.types.chat import ChatCompletion
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
from instructor.core.exceptions import InstructorError, ConfigurationError
from ..dsl.iterable import IterableBase
from ..dsl.parallel import ParallelBase
from ..dsl.partial import PartialBase
from ..dsl.response_list import ListResponse
from ..dsl.simple_type import AdapterBase
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from .function_calls import OpenAISchema
from ..mode import Mode
from .multimodal import convert_messages
from ..utils.core import prepare_response_model
_SENSITIVE_KEYS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({"api_key", "api_secret", "authorization", "token"})
def _redact_kwargs(kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
"""Return a shallow copy of kwargs with sensitive keys replaced by '[redacted]'."""
return {k: "[redacted]" if k in _SENSITIVE_KEYS else v for k, v in kwargs.items()}
# Anthropic utils
from ..providers.anthropic.utils import (
handle_anthropic_json,
handle_anthropic_parallel_tools,
handle_anthropic_reasoning_tools,
handle_anthropic_tools,
reask_anthropic_json,
reask_anthropic_tools,
)
# Bedrock utils
from ..providers.bedrock.utils import (
handle_bedrock_json,
handle_bedrock_tools,
reask_bedrock_json,
reask_bedrock_tools,
)
# Cerebras utils
from ..providers.cerebras.utils import (
handle_cerebras_json,
handle_cerebras_tools,
reask_cerebras_tools,
)
# Cohere utils
from ..providers.cohere.utils import (
handle_cohere_json_schema,
handle_cohere_tools,
reask_cohere_tools,
)
# Fireworks utils
from ..providers.fireworks.utils import (
handle_fireworks_json,
handle_fireworks_tools,
reask_fireworks_json,
reask_fireworks_tools,
)
# Google/Gemini/VertexAI utils
from ..providers.gemini.utils import (
handle_gemini_json,
handle_gemini_tools,
handle_genai_structured_outputs,
handle_genai_tools,
handle_vertexai_json,
handle_vertexai_parallel_tools,
handle_vertexai_tools,
reask_gemini_json,
reask_gemini_tools,
reask_genai_structured_outputs,
reask_genai_tools,
reask_vertexai_json,
reask_vertexai_tools,
)
# Mistral utils
from ..providers.mistral.utils import (
handle_mistral_structured_outputs,
handle_mistral_tools,
reask_mistral_structured_outputs,
reask_mistral_tools,
)
# OpenAI utils
from ..providers.openai.utils import (
handle_functions,
handle_json_modes,
handle_json_o1,
handle_openrouter_structured_outputs,
handle_parallel_tools,
handle_responses_tools,
handle_responses_tools_with_inbuilt_tools,
handle_tools,
handle_tools_strict,
reask_default,
reask_md_json,
reask_responses_tools,
reask_tools,
)
# Perplexity utils
from ..providers.perplexity.utils import (
handle_perplexity_json,
reask_perplexity_json,
)
# Writer utils
from ..providers.writer.utils import (
handle_writer_json,
handle_writer_tools,
reask_writer_json,
reask_writer_tools,
)
# XAI utils
from ..providers.xai.utils import (
handle_xai_json,
handle_xai_tools,
reask_xai_json,
reask_xai_tools,
)
logger = logging.getLogger("instructor")
T_Model = TypeVar("T_Model", bound=BaseModel)
T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
T_ParamSpec = ParamSpec("T_ParamSpec")
T = TypeVar("T")
async def process_response_async(
response: ChatCompletion,
*,
response_model: type[T_Model | OpenAISchema | BaseModel] | None,
stream: bool = False,
validation_context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
strict: bool | None = None,
mode: Mode = Mode.TOOLS,
on_event: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
) -> Any:
"""Asynchronously process and transform LLM responses into structured models.
This function is the async entry point for converting raw LLM responses into validated
Pydantic models. It handles various response formats from different providers and
supports special response types like streaming, partial objects, and parallel tool calls.
Args:
response (ChatCompletion or Similar API Response): The raw response from the LLM API. Despite the type hint,
this can be responses from any supported provider (OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, etc.)
response_model (type[T_Model | BaseModel] | None): The target Pydantic
model to parse the response into. If None, returns the raw response unchanged.
Can also be special DSL types like ParallelBase for parallel tool calls, or IterableBase and PartialBase for streaming.
stream (bool): Whether this is a streaming response. Required for proper handling
of IterableBase and PartialBase models. Defaults to False.
validation_context (dict[str, Any] | None): Additional context passed to Pydantic
validators during model validation. Useful for dynamic validation logic. The context
is also used to format templated responses. Defaults to None.
strict (bool | None): Whether to enforce strict JSON parsing. When True, the response
must exactly match the model schema. When False, allows minor deviations.
mode (Mode): The provider/format mode that determines how to parse the response.
Examples: Mode.TOOLS (OpenAI), Mode.ANTHROPIC_JSON, Mode.GEMINI_TOOLS.
Defaults to Mode.TOOLS.
Returns:
T_Model | ChatCompletion: The processed response. Return type depends on inputs:
- If response_model is None: returns raw response unchanged
- If response_model is IterableBase with stream=True: returns list of models
- If response_model is AdapterBase: returns the adapted content
- Otherwise: returns instance of response_model with _raw_response attached
Raises:
ValidationError: If the response doesn't match the expected model schema
IncompleteOutputException: If the response was truncated due to token limits
ValueError: If an invalid mode is specified
Note:
The function automatically detects special response model types (Iterable, Partial,
Parallel, Adapter) and applies appropriate processing logic for each.
"""
logger.debug(
f"Instructor Raw Response: {response}",
)
if response_model is None:
return response
if (
inspect.isclass(response_model)
and issubclass(response_model, IterableBase)
and stream
):
# Preserve streaming behavior for `create_iterable()` (async for).
return response_model.from_streaming_response_async( # type: ignore[return-value,arg-type]
cast(AsyncGenerator[Any, None], response),
mode=mode,
)
if (
inspect.isclass(response_model)
and issubclass(response_model, PartialBase)
and stream
):
# Return the AsyncGenerator directly for streaming Partial responses.
return response_model.from_streaming_response_async( # type: ignore[return-value,arg-type]
cast(AsyncGenerator[Any, None], response),
mode=mode,
on_event=on_event,
)
model = response_model.from_response( # type: ignore
response,
validation_context=validation_context,
strict=strict,
mode=mode,
)
# ? This really hints at the fact that we need a better way of
# ? attaching usage data and the raw response to the model we return.
if isinstance(model, IterableBase):
logger.debug(f"Returning takes from IterableBase")
return ListResponse.from_list( # type: ignore[return-value]
[task for task in model.tasks],
raw_response=response,
)
if isinstance(response_model, ParallelBase):
logger.debug(f"Returning model from ParallelBase")
return ListResponse.from_list( # type: ignore[return-value]
list(model),
raw_response=response,
)
if isinstance(model, AdapterBase):
logger.debug(f"Returning model from AdapterBase")
return model.content
model._raw_response = response
return model
def process_response(
response: T_Model,
*,
response_model: type[OpenAISchema | BaseModel] | None = None,
stream: bool,
validation_context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
strict=None,
mode: Mode = Mode.TOOLS,
on_event: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
) -> Any:
"""Process and transform LLM responses into structured models (synchronous).
This is the main entry point for converting raw LLM responses into validated Pydantic
models. It acts as a dispatcher that handles various response formats from 40+ different
provider modes and transforms them according to the specified response model type.
Args:
response (T_Model): The raw response from the LLM API. The actual type varies by
provider (ChatCompletion for OpenAI, Message for Anthropic, etc.)
response_model (type[OpenAISchema | BaseModel] | None): The target Pydantic model
class to parse the response into. Special DSL types supported:
- IterableBase: For streaming multiple objects from a single response
- PartialBase: For incomplete/streaming partial objects
- ParallelBase: For parallel tool/function calls
- AdapterBase: For simple type adaptations (e.g., str, int)
If None, returns the raw response unchanged.
stream (bool): Whether this is a streaming response. Required to be True for
proper handling of IterableBase and PartialBase models.
validation_context (dict[str, Any] | None): Additional context passed to Pydantic
validators. Useful for runtime validation logic based on external state.
strict (bool | None): Controls JSON parsing strictness:
- True: Enforce exact schema matching (no extra fields)
- False/None: Allow minor deviations and extra fields
mode (Mode): The provider/format mode that determines parsing strategy.
Each mode corresponds to a specific provider and format combination:
- Tool modes: TOOLS, ANTHROPIC_TOOLS, GEMINI_TOOLS, etc.
- JSON modes: JSON, ANTHROPIC_JSON, VERTEXAI_JSON, etc.
- Special modes: PARALLEL_TOOLS, MD_JSON, JSON_SCHEMA, etc.
Returns:
T_Model | list[T_Model] | None: The processed response:
- If response_model is None: Original response unchanged
- If IterableBase: List of extracted model instances
- If ParallelBase: Special parallel response object
- If AdapterBase: The adapted simple type (str, int, etc.)
- Otherwise: Single instance of response_model with _raw_response attached
Raises:
ValidationError: Response doesn't match the expected model schema
IncompleteOutputException: Response truncated due to token limits
ValueError: Invalid mode specified or mode not supported
JSONDecodeError: Malformed JSON in response (for JSON modes)
Note:
The function preserves the raw response by attaching it to the parsed model
as `_raw_response`. This allows access to metadata like token usage, model
info, and other provider-specific fields after parsing.
"""
logger.debug(
f"Instructor Raw Response: {response}",
)
if response_model is None:
logger.debug("No response model, returning response as is")
return response
if (
inspect.isclass(response_model)
and issubclass(response_model, IterableBase)
and stream
):
# Preserve streaming behavior for `create_iterable()` (for/async for).
return response_model.from_streaming_response( # type: ignore[return-value]
response,
mode=mode,
)
if (
inspect.isclass(response_model)
and issubclass(response_model, PartialBase)
and stream
):
# Collect partial stream to surface validation errors inside retry logic.
return list(
response_model.from_streaming_response( # type: ignore
response,
mode=mode,
on_event=on_event,
)
)
model = response_model.from_response( # type: ignore
response,
validation_context=validation_context,
strict=strict,
mode=mode,
)
# ? This really hints at the fact that we need a better way of
# ? attaching usage data and the raw response to the model we return.
if isinstance(model, IterableBase):
logger.debug(f"Returning takes from IterableBase")
return ListResponse.from_list( # type: ignore[return-value]
[task for task in model.tasks],
raw_response=response,
)
if isinstance(response_model, ParallelBase):
logger.debug(f"Returning model from ParallelBase")
return ListResponse.from_list( # type: ignore[return-value]
list(model),
raw_response=response,
)
if isinstance(model, AdapterBase):
logger.debug(f"Returning model from AdapterBase")
return model.content
model._raw_response = response
return model
def is_typed_dict(cls) -> bool:
return (
isinstance(cls, type)
and issubclass(cls, dict)
and hasattr(cls, "__annotations__")
)
def handle_response_model(
response_model: type[T] | None, mode: Mode = Mode.TOOLS, **kwargs: Any
) -> tuple[type[T] | None, dict[str, Any]]:
"""
Handles the response model based on the specified mode and prepares the kwargs for the API call.
This really should be named 'prepare_create_kwargs' as its job is to map the openai create kwargs
to the correct format for the API call based on the mode.
Args:
response_model (type[T] | None): The response model to be used for parsing the API response.
mode (Mode): The mode to use for handling the response model. Defaults to Mode.TOOLS.
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to be passed to the API call.
Returns:
tuple[type[T] | None, dict[str, Any]]: A tuple containing the processed response model and the updated kwargs.
This function prepares the response model and modifies the kwargs based on the specified mode.
It handles various modes like TOOLS, JSON, FUNCTIONS, etc., and applies the appropriate
transformations to the response model and kwargs.
"""
new_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
# Extract autodetect_images for message conversion
autodetect_images = new_kwargs.pop("autodetect_images", False)
PARALLEL_MODES = {
Mode.PARALLEL_TOOLS: handle_parallel_tools,
Mode.VERTEXAI_PARALLEL_TOOLS: handle_vertexai_parallel_tools,
Mode.ANTHROPIC_PARALLEL_TOOLS: handle_anthropic_parallel_tools,
}
if mode in PARALLEL_MODES:
response_model, new_kwargs = PARALLEL_MODES[mode](response_model, new_kwargs) # type: ignore
_safe_kwargs = _redact_kwargs(new_kwargs)
logger.debug(
f"Instructor Request: {mode.value=}, {response_model=}, new_kwargs={_safe_kwargs!r}",
extra={
"mode": mode.value,
"response_model": (
response_model.__name__
if response_model is not None
and hasattr(response_model, "__name__")
else str(response_model)
),
"new_kwargs": _safe_kwargs,
},
)
return response_model, new_kwargs
# Only prepare response_model if it's not None
if response_model is not None:
response_model = prepare_response_model(response_model)
mode_handlers = { # type: ignore
Mode.FUNCTIONS: handle_functions,
Mode.TOOLS_STRICT: handle_tools_strict,
Mode.TOOLS: handle_tools,
Mode.MISTRAL_TOOLS: handle_mistral_tools,
Mode.MISTRAL_STRUCTURED_OUTPUTS: handle_mistral_structured_outputs,
Mode.JSON_O1: handle_json_o1,
Mode.JSON: lambda rm, nk: handle_json_modes(rm, nk, Mode.JSON), # type: ignore
Mode.MD_JSON: lambda rm, nk: handle_json_modes(rm, nk, Mode.MD_JSON), # type: ignore
Mode.JSON_SCHEMA: lambda rm, nk: handle_json_modes(rm, nk, Mode.JSON_SCHEMA), # type: ignore
Mode.ANTHROPIC_TOOLS: handle_anthropic_tools,
Mode.ANTHROPIC_REASONING_TOOLS: handle_anthropic_reasoning_tools,
Mode.ANTHROPIC_JSON: handle_anthropic_json,
Mode.COHERE_JSON_SCHEMA: handle_cohere_json_schema,
Mode.COHERE_TOOLS: handle_cohere_tools,
Mode.GEMINI_JSON: handle_gemini_json,
Mode.GEMINI_TOOLS: handle_gemini_tools,
Mode.GENAI_TOOLS: lambda rm, nk: handle_genai_tools(rm, nk, autodetect_images),
Mode.GENAI_STRUCTURED_OUTPUTS: lambda rm, nk: handle_genai_structured_outputs(
rm, nk, autodetect_images
),
Mode.VERTEXAI_TOOLS: handle_vertexai_tools,
Mode.VERTEXAI_JSON: handle_vertexai_json,
Mode.CEREBRAS_JSON: handle_cerebras_json,
Mode.CEREBRAS_TOOLS: handle_cerebras_tools,
Mode.FIREWORKS_JSON: handle_fireworks_json,
Mode.FIREWORKS_TOOLS: handle_fireworks_tools,
Mode.WRITER_TOOLS: handle_writer_tools,
Mode.WRITER_JSON: handle_writer_json,
Mode.BEDROCK_JSON: handle_bedrock_json,
Mode.BEDROCK_TOOLS: handle_bedrock_tools,
Mode.PERPLEXITY_JSON: handle_perplexity_json,
Mode.OPENROUTER_STRUCTURED_OUTPUTS: handle_openrouter_structured_outputs,
Mode.RESPONSES_TOOLS: handle_responses_tools,
Mode.RESPONSES_TOOLS_WITH_INBUILT_TOOLS: handle_responses_tools_with_inbuilt_tools,
Mode.XAI_JSON: handle_xai_json,
Mode.XAI_TOOLS: handle_xai_tools,
}
if mode in mode_handlers:
response_model, new_kwargs = mode_handlers[mode](response_model, new_kwargs) # type: ignore
else:
raise ConfigurationError(
f"Invalid or unsupported mode: {mode}. "
f"This mode may not be implemented. "
f"Available modes: {', '.join(str(m) for m in mode_handlers.keys())}"
)
# Handle message conversion for modes that don't already handle it
if "messages" in new_kwargs:
new_kwargs["messages"] = convert_messages(
new_kwargs["messages"],
mode,
autodetect_images=autodetect_images,
)
_safe_kwargs = _redact_kwargs(new_kwargs)
logger.debug(
f"Instructor Request: {mode.value=}, {response_model=}, new_kwargs={_safe_kwargs!r}",
extra={
"mode": mode.value,
"response_model": (
response_model.__name__
if response_model is not None and hasattr(response_model, "__name__")
else str(response_model)
),
"new_kwargs": _safe_kwargs,
},
)
return response_model, new_kwargs
def handle_reask_kwargs(
kwargs: dict[str, Any],
mode: Mode,
response: Any,
exception: Exception,
failed_attempts: list[Any] | None = None,
) -> dict[str, Any]:
"""Handle validation errors by reformatting the request for retry (reask).
This function serves as the central dispatcher for handling validation failures
across all supported LLM providers. When a response fails validation, it prepares
a new request that includes detailed error information and retry context, allowing
the LLM to understand what went wrong and generate a corrected response.
The reask process involves:
1. Analyzing the validation error and failed response
2. Selecting the appropriate provider-specific reask handler
3. Enriching the exception with retry history (failed_attempts)
4. Formatting error feedback in the provider's expected message format
5. Preserving original request parameters while adding retry context
Args:
kwargs (dict[str, Any]): The original request parameters that resulted in
a validation error. Contains all parameters passed to the LLM API:
- messages: conversation history
- tools/functions: available function definitions
- temperature, max_tokens: generation parameters
- model, provider-specific settings
mode (Mode): The provider/format mode that determines which reask handler
to use. Each mode implements a specific strategy for formatting error
feedback and retry messages. Examples:
- Mode.TOOLS: OpenAI function calling
- Mode.ANTHROPIC_TOOLS: Anthropic tool use
- Mode.JSON: JSON-only responses
response (Any): The raw response from the LLM that failed validation.
Type and structure varies by provider:
- OpenAI: ChatCompletion with tool_calls or content
- Anthropic: Message with tool_use blocks or text content
- Google: GenerateContentResponse with function calls
- Cohere: NonStreamedChatResponse with tool calls
exception (Exception): The validation error that occurred, typically:
- Pydantic ValidationError: field validation failures
- JSONDecodeError: malformed JSON responses
- Custom validation errors from response processors
The exception will be enriched with failed_attempts data.
failed_attempts (list[FailedAttempt] | None): Historical record of previous
retry attempts for this request. Each FailedAttempt contains:
- attempt_number: sequential attempt counter
- exception: the validation error for that attempt
- completion: the raw LLM response that failed
Used to provide retry context and prevent repeated mistakes.
Returns:
dict[str, Any]: Modified kwargs for the retry request with:
- Updated messages including error feedback
- Original tool/function definitions preserved
- Generation parameters maintained (temperature, etc.)
- Provider-specific error formatting applied
- Retry context embedded in appropriate message format
Provider-Specific Reask Strategies:
**OpenAI Modes:**
- TOOLS/FUNCTIONS: Adds tool response messages with validation errors
- JSON modes: Appends user message with correction instructions
- Preserves function schemas and conversation context
**Anthropic Modes:**
- TOOLS: Creates tool_result blocks with error details
- JSON: Adds user message with structured error feedback
- Maintains conversation flow with proper message roles
**Google/Gemini Modes:**
- TOOLS: Formats as function response with error content
- JSON: Appends user message with validation feedback
**Other Providers (Cohere, Mistral, etc.):**
- Provider-specific message formatting
- Consistent error reporting patterns
- Maintained conversation context
Error Enrichment:
The exception parameter is enriched with retry metadata:
- exception.failed_attempts: list of previous failures
- exception.retry_attempt_number: current attempt number
This allows downstream handlers to access full retry context.
Example:
```python
# After a ValidationError occurs during retry attempt #2
new_kwargs = handle_reask_kwargs(
kwargs=original_request,
mode=Mode.TOOLS,
response=failed_completion,
exception=validation_error, # Will be enriched with failed_attempts
failed_attempts=[attempt1, attempt2] # Previous failures
)
# new_kwargs now contains retry messages with error context
```
Note:
This function is called internally by retry_sync() and retry_async()
when max_retries > 1. It ensures each retry includes progressively
more context about previous failures, helping the LLM learn from
mistakes and avoid repeating the same errors.
"""
# Create a shallow copy of kwargs to avoid modifying the original
kwargs_copy = kwargs.copy()
exception = InstructorError.from_exception(
exception, failed_attempts=failed_attempts
)
# Organized by provider (matching process_response.py structure)
REASK_HANDLERS = {
# OpenAI modes
Mode.FUNCTIONS: reask_default,
Mode.TOOLS_STRICT: reask_tools,
Mode.TOOLS: reask_tools,
Mode.JSON_O1: reask_default,
Mode.JSON: reask_md_json,
Mode.MD_JSON: reask_md_json,
Mode.JSON_SCHEMA: reask_md_json,
Mode.PARALLEL_TOOLS: reask_tools,
Mode.RESPONSES_TOOLS: reask_responses_tools,
Mode.RESPONSES_TOOLS_WITH_INBUILT_TOOLS: reask_responses_tools,
# Mistral modes
Mode.MISTRAL_TOOLS: reask_mistral_tools,
Mode.MISTRAL_STRUCTURED_OUTPUTS: reask_mistral_structured_outputs,
# Anthropic modes
Mode.ANTHROPIC_TOOLS: reask_anthropic_tools,
Mode.ANTHROPIC_REASONING_TOOLS: reask_anthropic_tools,
Mode.ANTHROPIC_JSON: reask_anthropic_json,
Mode.ANTHROPIC_PARALLEL_TOOLS: reask_anthropic_tools,
# Cohere modes
Mode.COHERE_TOOLS: reask_cohere_tools,
Mode.COHERE_JSON_SCHEMA: reask_cohere_tools,
# Gemini/Google modes
Mode.GEMINI_TOOLS: reask_gemini_tools,
Mode.GEMINI_JSON: reask_gemini_json,
Mode.GENAI_TOOLS: reask_genai_tools,
Mode.GENAI_STRUCTURED_OUTPUTS: reask_genai_structured_outputs,
# VertexAI modes
Mode.VERTEXAI_TOOLS: reask_vertexai_tools,
Mode.VERTEXAI_JSON: reask_vertexai_json,
Mode.VERTEXAI_PARALLEL_TOOLS: reask_vertexai_tools,
# Cerebras modes
Mode.CEREBRAS_TOOLS: reask_cerebras_tools,
Mode.CEREBRAS_JSON: reask_default,
# Fireworks modes
Mode.FIREWORKS_TOOLS: reask_fireworks_tools,
Mode.FIREWORKS_JSON: reask_fireworks_json,
# Writer modes
Mode.WRITER_TOOLS: reask_writer_tools,
Mode.WRITER_JSON: reask_writer_json,
# Bedrock modes
Mode.BEDROCK_TOOLS: reask_bedrock_tools,
Mode.BEDROCK_JSON: reask_bedrock_json,
# Perplexity modes
Mode.PERPLEXITY_JSON: reask_perplexity_json,
# OpenRouter modes
Mode.OPENROUTER_STRUCTURED_OUTPUTS: reask_md_json,
# XAI modes
Mode.XAI_JSON: reask_xai_json,
Mode.XAI_TOOLS: reask_xai_tools,
}
if mode in REASK_HANDLERS:
return REASK_HANDLERS[mode](kwargs_copy, response, exception)
else:
return reask_default(kwargs_copy, response, exception)