445 lines
41 KiB
HTML
Vendored
445 lines
41 KiB
HTML
Vendored
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<meta name="keywords" content="werkzeug neandertaler, werkzeug moderner mensch"/>
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<h1><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/" title="Steinzeit & Co">Steinzeit & Co</a></h1><p></p>
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<h1>Werkzeuge des Neandertalers und des Modernen Menschen</h1>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Es bestehen markante Unterschiede zwischen den Werkzeugindustrien des Mittel– und Jungpaläolithikums. In der Übersicht werden einige Werkzeugtypen und ihre Laufzeiten behandelt.<b><br/>
|
||
</b></p>
|
||
<h3>Abschläge</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Abschläge mit und ohne Modifikation wurden als einfache Geräte genutzt, vom Altpaläolithikum<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-1" id="fnref-13695-1" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">1</a></sup> bis zum Ende des Neolithikums. Neandertaler und Moderner Mensch nutzten Abschläge schon lange vor einem Zusammentreffen unabhängig voneinander als Werkzeuge.</p>
|
||
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Faustkeile</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Die als Universalwerkzeug fungierenden Faustkeile und ihre spezialisierten Formen, einschließlich der Keilmesser, zählen zu den wichtigen und typischen Werkzeugen des Mittelpaläolithikums. Mit dem Ende des Neandertalers finden auch diese Typen ihr Ende.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-2" id="fnref-13695-2" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">2</a></sup> Der Moderne Mensch nutzte vorwiegend modifizierte Klingen als Werkzeuge und sah sich offenbar nicht veranlasst, die Kernwerkzeuge zu übernehmen.</p>
|
||
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Schaber</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zu den häufigsten Werkzeugen des Mittelpaläolithikums gehören die Schaber.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-3" id="fnref-13695-3" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">3</a></sup> Es handelt sich um Grundformen mit mindestens einer kontinuierlich retuschierten, linearen Arbeitskante, diese liegt in der Regel lateral, bei Breitschabern terminal.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-4" id="fnref-13695-4" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">4</a></sup></p>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13721" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/sch3.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13721" alt="Schematisch Schaber und Arbeitskante" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/sch3.jpg" width="444" height="238"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Schematisch Schaber und Arbeitskante</p></div>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Schaber sind zwar typisch für das Mittelpaläolithikum, jedoch treten vereinzelt bis in das Neolithikum hinein Stücke auf, die morphologisch Schabern entsprechen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-5" id="fnref-13695-5" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">5</a></sup> Dabei handelt es sich jedoch nicht um eine Übernahme mittelpaläolithischer Werkzeugformen, sondern um gelegentlich auftretende, zufällige Parallelen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-6" id="fnref-13695-6" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">6</a></sup> Unter einem gewissen Vorbehalt kann festgehalten werden, dass Schaber ebenfalls mit dem Neandertaler ihr Ende fanden. Diese Werkzeugform wurde nicht vom Modernen Menschen übernommen, statt dessen nutzte er unter anderem Kratzer an Stelle der Schaber.</p>
|
||
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Kratzer</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kratzer sind Klingen oder Abschläge, die eine durch Retuschen modifizierte, konvex gebogene Schmalseite besitzen, diese Kratzerkappe ist die Arbeitskante.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-7" id="fnref-13695-7" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">7</a></sup> Sie können zusätzlich laterale Retuschen zur Stumpfung oder Formgebung tragen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-8" id="fnref-13695-8" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">8</a></sup></p>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13722" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/kr1.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13722" alt="Schematisch Kratzer und Arbeitskante" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/kr1.jpg" width="444" height="216"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Schematisch Kratzer und Arbeitskante</p></div>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nach Joachim Hahn treten Kratzer schon vor dem Jungpaläolithikum auf.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-9" id="fnref-13695-9" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">9</a></sup> Dabei handelt es sich um gelegentlich auftretende Stücke, nicht um feste Bestandteile der mittelpaläolithischen Inventare, sie stellen Ausnahmen dar. Einige Schaber weisen eine bogenförmig endende Lateralretusche auf. Der Bereich der Stirnretusche ähnelt dann mehr oder weniger einer Kratzerkappe. Ausplitterungen und Nachschärfungen belegen, dass diese kratzerähnlichen Arbeitskanten auch genutzt wurden.</p>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13716" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/schab-kratz.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13716" alt="Schaber mit Stirnretusche" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/schab-kratz.jpg" width="444" height="194"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Schaber mit gebogener Stirnretusche</p></div>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kratzer gehören neben Sticheln zu den wichtigsten Werkzeugformen des Jungpaläolithikums und sind in allen nachfolgenden Epochen gut vertreten.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-9" id="fnref-13695-9" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">9</a></sup> Kratzer treten in jungpaläolithischen Inventaren schon vor dem Zusammentreffen mit dem Neandertaler auf.</p>
|
||
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Stichel</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ab dem Jungpaläolithikum treten Stichel regelhaft auf und gehören zusammen mit Kratzern zu den wichtigsten jungpaläolithischen Werkzeugen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-11" id="fnref-13695-11" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">11</a></sup> Im Mittelpaläolithikum sind echte Stichel sehr selten, dafür treten gelegentlich funktionale Stichel auf, d.h. stabile Bruch– und Lateralkanten von Grundformen wurden wie die Kante der Stichelbahn verwendet. Die Seltenheit der Stichel im Mittelpaläolithikum lässt vermuten, dass es sich um zufällig enstandene Formen handelt. Die wenigen als Stichel ansprechbaren Stücke reichen nicht aus, um die Sticheltechnik als festen Bestandteil mittelpaläolithischer Inventare anzusehen.</p>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13739" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/option.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13739" alt="Funktionaler Stichel an Abschlagbruchkante" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/option.jpg" width="444" height="439"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Funktionaler Stichel an Abschlagbruchkante</p></div>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Stichelbahnen ähnelnde Ausbrüche können durch Auftreffen des Werkzeugs oder der Grundform auf einen harten Körper entstehen, <sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-12" id="fnref-13695-12" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">12</a></sup> beispielsweise Impaktfrakturen bei Projektilen, lange Abplatzungen an ausgesplitterten Stücken, heruntergefallene Artefakte, die mit der Kante hart auftreffen etc. Zudem können Grundformen lateral Reste von vorangegangenen Hinges tragen, die den Eindruck einer Stichelbahn erwecken.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-13" id="fnref-13695-13" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">13</a></sup></p>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13717" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/Aufprall.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13717" alt="Neolithische Pfeilspitze mit Aufprallschaden" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/Aufprall.jpg" width="444" height="363"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Neolithische Pfeilspitze mit Aufprallschaden</p></div>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13718" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/pseudo.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13718" alt="Ausgesplittertes Stück mit Pseudostichelschlägen" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/pseudo.jpg" width="444" height="270"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Ausgesplittertes Stück mit Pseudostichelschlägen</p></div>
|
||
<p>Stichel sind im Jungpaläolithikum schon vor dem Zusammentreffen mit dem Neandertaler gut entwickelt und treten häufig auf, die Sticheltechnik endet mit dem Mesolithikum. Das Auftreten von Sticheln in den Übergangskulturen ist als Technologietransfer zu deuten, die späten Neandertaler machten sich die Sticheltechnik des Modernen Menschen zu eigen.</p>
|
||
<div id="attachment_13759" style="width: 622px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/252.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13759" alt="Stichel" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/252.jpg" width="612" height="600"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Spätpaläolithischer Doppelstichel</p></div>
|
||
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Bohrer</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Erste Bohrer im engen Sinne treten im Jungpaläolithikum auf, sorgfältig retuschierte Bohrenden fehlen im Mittelpaläolithikum. Im Mittelpaläolithikum existierten Grobbohrer,<em> becs</em>. Diese besassen ein spitz zugeformtes Arbeitsende, mit dem grobe Löcher gebohrt oder gestochen werden konnten. Auch unmodifizierte, spitz zulaufende Grundformen weisen oft Gebrauchsspuren auf, die eine bohrende Tätigkeit implizieren. Die sorgfältig gearbeiteten jungpaläolithischen Bohrer sind keine Weiterentwicklung der mittelpaläolithischen Becs.</p>
|
||
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Fazit</h3>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Werkzeugtypen des Neandertalers wurden nicht vom Modernen Menschen übernommen. Ein einseitiger Technologietransfer fand gegen Ende des Mittelpaläolithikums statt, der späte Neandertaler übernahm zur Zeit der Übergangskulturen offensichtlich Werkzeugformen vom Modernen Menschen oder versuchte, sie zu imitieren. Die Werkzeugformen des Jungpaläolithikums hingegen konnten sich teilweise bis Ende der Mittelsteinzeit, teilweise bis zum Ende der Steinzeit halten.</p>
|
||
<div class="footnotes" id="footnotes-13695">
|
||
<div class="footnotedivider"></div>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-1">Lutz Fiedler/ G. und W. Rosendahl, Altsteinzeit von A bis Z, Publikationen der Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Band 44, <span class="caps">WBG</span>, Darmstadt, 2011, S. 13 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-1">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-2">Joachim Hahn, Erkennen und Bestimmen von Stein– und Knochenartefakten, Archaeologica Venatoria, Band 10, Tübingen, 1991, S. 147; 149 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-2">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-3">Jürgen Richter, Schaber, in Floss (Hrsg.) Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, Tübingen 2012, Kerns Verlag, S. 281 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-3">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-4">Jürgen Richter, 2012, S. 281 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-4">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-5">Joachim Hahn, 1991, S. 169 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-5">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-6">andernfalls müssten sie regelmäßig und kontinuierlich auftreten <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-6">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-7">Claus-Joachim Kind, Kratzer, in Floss (Hrsg.) Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, Tübingen 2012, Kerns Verlag, S. 415 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-7">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-8">vergl. Gerken, Klaus 2001: Studien zur jung– und spätpaläolithischen sowie mesolithischen Besiedlung im Gebiet zwischen Wümme und Oste. Archäologische Berichte des Landkreises Rotenburg (Wümme) 9, Oldenburg, 2001, S. 29 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-8">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-9">Joachim Hahn, 1991, S. 177 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-9">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-10">Joachim Hahn, 1991, S. 177 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-10">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-11">Joachim Hahn, 1991, S. 182 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-11">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-12">Clemens Pasda, Stichel, in Floss (Hrsg.) Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, Tübingen 2012, Kerns Verlag, S. 426 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-12">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
<li id="fn-13695-13">vergl. Birgit Gehlen, Die Silexgeräte des frühen Mittelneolithikums und der Rössener Kultur, in Floss (Hrsg.) Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, Tübingen 2012, Kerns Verlag, S. 735 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-13">↩</a></span></li>
|
||
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|
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<!-- Begin Shadowbox JS v3.0.3.10 -->
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<!-- Selected Players: html, iframe, img, qt, swf, wmp -->
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<script type="text/javascript">
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/* <![CDATA[ */
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var shadowbox_conf = {
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autoDimensions: false,
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animateFade: true,
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animate: true,
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animSequence: "sync",
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autoplayMovies: true,
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counterType: "default",
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flashBgColor: "#000000",
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flashParams: {bgcolor:"#000000", allowFullScreen:true},
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flashVars: {},
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flashVersion: "9.0.0",
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handleOversize: "resize",
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handleUnsupported: "link",
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initialHeight: 160,
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initialWidth: 320,
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modal: false,
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overlayColor: "#000",
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showMovieControls: true,
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showOverlay: true,
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skipSetup: false,
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slideshowDelay: 0,
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useSizzle: false,
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viewportPadding: 20
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};
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Shadowbox.init(shadowbox_conf);
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/* ]]> */
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</script>
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<!-- End Shadowbox JS -->
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</body>
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</html>
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<!--
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||
FILE ARCHIVED ON 07:59:00 Feb 06, 2015 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE
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||
INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 10:57:42 May 07, 2020.
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JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE.
|
||
|
||
ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C.
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||
SECTION 108(a)(3)).
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-->
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playback timings (ms):
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CDXLines.iter: 10.196 (3)
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