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<h1>Werkzeuge des Neandertalers und des Modernen Menschen</h1>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Es be­ste­hen mar­kante Un­ter­schiede zwi­schen den Werk­zeug­in­dus­trien des Mit­tel und Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kums. In der Über­sicht wer­den ei­nige Werk­zeug­ty­pen und ihre Lauf­zei­ten be­han­delt.<b><br/>
</b></p>
<h3>Ab­schläge</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ab­schläge mit und ohne Mo­di­fi­ka­tion wur­den als ein­fa­che Ge­räte ge­nutzt, vom Alt­pa­läo­li­thi­kum<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-1" id="fnref-13695-1" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">1</a></sup> bis zum Ende des Neo­li­thi­kums. Ne­an­der­ta­ler und Mo­der­ner Mensch nutz­ten Ab­schläge schon lange vor ei­nem Zu­sam­men­tref­fen un­ab­hän­gig von­ein­an­der als Werkzeuge.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Faust­keile</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Die als Uni­ver­sal­werk­zeug fun­gie­ren­den Faust­keile und ihre spe­zia­li­sier­ten For­men, ein­schließ­lich der Keil­mes­ser, zäh­len zu den wich­ti­gen und ty­pi­schen Werk­zeu­gen des Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kums. Mit dem Ende des Ne­an­der­ta­lers fin­den auch diese Ty­pen ihr Ende.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-2" id="fnref-13695-2" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">2</a></sup> Der Mo­derne Mensch nutzte vor­wie­gend mo­di­fi­zierte Klin­gen als Werk­zeuge und sah sich of­fen­bar nicht ver­an­lasst, die Kern­werk­zeuge zu übernehmen.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Scha­ber</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zu den häu­figs­ten Werk­zeu­gen des Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kums ge­­ren die Scha­ber.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-3" id="fnref-13695-3" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">3</a></sup> Es han­delt sich um Grund­for­men mit min­des­tens ei­ner kon­ti­nu­ier­lich re­tu­schier­ten, li­nea­ren Ar­beits­kante, diese liegt in der Re­gel la­te­ral, bei Breit­scha­bern ter­mi­nal.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-4" id="fnref-13695-4" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">4</a></sup></p>
<div id="attachment_13721" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/sch3.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13721" alt="Schematisch Schaber und Arbeitskante" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/sch3.jpg" width="444" height="238"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Sche­ma­tisch Scha­ber und Arbeitskante</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Scha­ber sind zwar ty­pisch für das Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kum, je­doch tre­ten ver­ein­zelt bis in das Neo­li­thi­kum hin­ein Stü­cke auf, die mor­pho­lo­gisch Scha­bern ent­spre­chen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-5" id="fnref-13695-5" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">5</a></sup> Da­bei han­delt es sich je­doch nicht um eine Über­nahme mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­scher Werk­zeug­for­men, son­dern um ge­le­gent­lich auf­tre­tende, zu­fäl­lige Par­al­le­len.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-6" id="fnref-13695-6" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">6</a></sup> Un­ter ei­nem ge­wis­sen Vor­be­halt kann fest­ge­hal­ten wer­den, dass Scha­ber eben­falls mit dem Ne­an­der­ta­ler ihr Ende fan­den. Diese Werk­zeug­form wurde nicht vom Mo­der­nen Men­schen über­nom­men, statt des­sen nutzte er un­ter an­de­rem Krat­zer an Stelle der Schaber.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Krat­zer</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Krat­zer sind Klin­gen oder Ab­schläge, die eine durch Retu­schen modi­fi­zierte, kon­vex gebo­gene Schmal­seite besit­zen, diese Krat­z­er­kappe ist die Arbeits­kante.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-7" id="fnref-13695-7" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">7</a></sup> Sie kön­nen zusätz­lich late­rale Retu­schen zur Stump­fung oder Form­ge­bung tra­gen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-8" id="fnref-13695-8" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">8</a></sup></p>
<div id="attachment_13722" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/kr1.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13722" alt="Schematisch Kratzer und Arbeitskante" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/kr1.jpg" width="444" height="216"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Sche­ma­tisch Krat­zer und Arbeitskante</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nach Joa­chim Hahn tre­ten Krat­zer schon vor dem Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kum auf.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-9" id="fnref-13695-9" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">9</a></sup> Da­bei han­delt es sich um ge­le­gent­lich auf­tre­tende Stü­cke, nicht um feste Be­stand­teile der mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­schen In­ven­tare, sie stel­len Aus­nah­men dar. Ei­nige Scha­ber wei­sen eine bo­gen­för­mig en­dende La­te­ral­re­tu­sche auf. Der Be­reich der Stirn­re­tu­sche äh­nelt dann mehr oder we­ni­ger ei­ner Krat­z­er­kappe. Ausplit­te­run­gen und Nach­schär­fun­gen be­le­gen, dass diese krat­zer­ähn­li­chen Ar­beits­kan­ten auch ge­nutzt wurden.</p>
<div id="attachment_13716" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/schab-kratz.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13716" alt="Schaber mit Stirnretusche" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/schab-kratz.jpg" width="444" height="194"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Scha­ber mit ge­bo­ge­ner Stirnretusche</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Krat­zer ge­­ren ne­ben Sti­cheln zu den wich­tigs­ten Werk­zeug­for­men des Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kums und sind in al­len nach­fol­gen­den Epo­chen gut ver­tre­ten.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-9" id="fnref-13695-9" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">9</a></sup> Krat­zer tre­ten in jung­pa­läo­li­thi­schen In­ven­ta­ren schon vor dem Zu­sam­men­tref­fen mit dem Ne­an­der­ta­ler auf.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Sti­chel</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ab dem Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kum tre­ten Sti­chel re­gel­haft auf und ge­­ren zu­sam­men mit Krat­zern zu den wich­tigs­ten jung­pa­läo­li­thi­schen Werk­zeu­gen.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-11" id="fnref-13695-11" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">11</a></sup> Im Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kum sind echte Sti­chel sehr sel­ten, da­für tre­ten ge­le­gent­lich funk­tio­nale Sti­chel auf, d.h. sta­bile Bruch und Lateral­kan­ten von Grund­for­men wur­den wie die Kante der Sti­chelbahn ver­wen­det. Die Sel­ten­heit der Sti­chel im Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kum lässt ver­mu­ten, dass es sich um zu­fäl­lig en­stan­dene For­men han­delt. Die we­ni­gen als Sti­chel an­sprech­ba­ren Stü­cke rei­chen nicht aus, um die Sti­chel­tech­nik als fes­ten Be­stand­teil mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­scher In­ven­tare anzusehen.</p>
<div id="attachment_13739" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/option.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13739" alt="Funktionaler Stichel an Abschlagbruchkante" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/option.jpg" width="444" height="439"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Funk­tio­na­ler Sti­chel an Abschlagbruchkante</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sti­chel­bah­nen äh­nelnde Aus­brü­che kön­nen durch Auf­tref­fen des Werk­zeugs oder der Grund­form auf ei­nen har­ten Kör­per ent­ste­hen, <sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-12" id="fnref-13695-12" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">12</a></sup> bei­spiels­weise Im­pakt­frak­tu­ren bei Pro­jek­ti­len, lange Ab­plat­zun­gen an aus­ge­split­ter­ten Stü­cken, her­un­ter­ge­fal­lene Ar­te­fakte, die mit der Kante hart auf­tref­fen etc. Zu­dem kön­nen Grund­for­men la­te­ral Reste von vor­an­ge­gan­ge­nen Hin­ges tra­gen, die den Ein­druck ei­ner Sti­chel­bahn er­we­cken.<sup class="footnote"><a href="#fn-13695-13" id="fnref-13695-13" onclick="return fdfootnote_show(13695)">13</a></sup></p>
<div id="attachment_13717" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/Aufprall.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13717" alt="Neolithische Pfeilspitze mit Aufprallschaden" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/Aufprall.jpg" width="444" height="363"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Neo­li­thi­sche Pfeil­spitze mit Aufprallschaden</p></div>
<div id="attachment_13718" style="width: 454px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/pseudo.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13718" alt="Ausgesplittertes Stück mit Pseudostichelschlägen" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/pseudo.jpg" width="444" height="270"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Aus­ge­split­ter­tes Stück mit Pseudostichelschlägen</p></div>
<p>Sti­chel sind im Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kum schon vor dem Zu­sam­men­tref­fen mit dem Ne­an­der­ta­ler gut ent­wi­ckelt und tre­ten häu­fig auf, die Sti­chel­tech­nik en­det mit dem Me­so­li­thi­kum. Das Auf­tre­ten von Sti­cheln in den Über­gangs­kul­tu­ren ist als Tech­no­lo­gie­trans­fer zu deu­ten, die spä­ten Ne­an­der­ta­ler mach­ten sich die Sti­chel­tech­nik des Mo­der­nen Men­schen zu eigen.</p>
<div id="attachment_13759" style="width: 622px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/252.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-13695];player=img;"><img class="size-full wp-image-13759" alt="Stichel" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075900im_/http://www.steinzeitwissen.de/wp-content/uploads/252.jpg" width="612" height="600"/></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Spät­pa­läo­li­thi­scher Doppelstichel</p></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Boh­rer</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Erste Boh­rer im en­gen Sinne tre­ten im Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kum auf, sorg­fäl­tig re­tu­schierte Boh­ren­den feh­len im Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kum. Im Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kum exis­tier­ten Grob­boh­rer,<em> becs</em>. Diese be­sas­sen ein spitz zu­ge­form­tes Ar­beits­ende, mit dem grobe Lö­cher ge­bohrt oder ge­sto­chen wer­den konn­ten. Auch un­mo­di­fi­zierte, spitz zu­lau­fende Grund­for­men wei­sen oft Ge­brauchs­spu­ren auf, die eine boh­rende Tä­tig­keit im­pli­zie­ren. Die sorg­fäl­tig ge­ar­bei­te­ten jung­pa­läo­li­thi­schen Boh­rer sind keine Wei­ter­ent­wick­lung der mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­schen Becs.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Fa­zit</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Werk­zeug­ty­pen des Ne­an­der­ta­lers wur­den nicht vom Mo­der­nen Men­schen über­nom­men. Ein ein­sei­ti­ger Tech­no­lo­gie­trans­fer fand ge­gen Ende des Mit­tel­pa­läo­li­thi­kums statt, der späte Ne­an­der­ta­ler über­nahm zur Zeit der Über­gangs­kul­tu­ren of­fen­sicht­lich Werk­zeug­for­men vom Mo­der­nen Men­schen oder ver­suchte, sie zu imi­tie­ren. Die Werk­zeug­for­men des Jung­pa­läo­li­thi­kums hin­ge­gen konn­ten sich teil­weise bis Ende der Mit­tel­stein­zeit, teil­weise bis zum Ende der Stein­zeit halten.</p>
<div class="footnotes" id="footnotes-13695">
<div class="footnotedivider"></div>
<ol>
<li id="fn-13695-1">Lutz Fiedler/ G. und W. Ro­sen­dahl, Alt­stein­zeit von A bis Z, Pu­bli­ka­tio­nen der Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Band 44, <span class="caps">WBG</span>, Darm­stadt, 2011, S. 13 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-1"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-2">Joa­chim Hahn, Erken­nen und Bestim­men von Stein und Kno­chen­ar­te­fak­ten, Archaeo­lo­gica Vena­to­ria, Band 10, Tübin­gen, 1991, S. 147; 149 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-2"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-3">Jür­gen Rich­ter, Scha­ber, in Floss (Hrsg.) Stein­ar­te­fakte vom Alt­pa­läo­li­thi­kum bis in die Neu­zeit, Tü­bin­gen 2012, Kerns Ver­lag, S. 281 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-3"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-4">Jür­gen Rich­ter, 2012, S. 281 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-4"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-5">Joa­chim Hahn, 1991, S. 169 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-5"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-6">an­dern­falls müss­ten sie re­gel­­ßig und kon­ti­nu­ier­lich auf­tre­ten <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-6"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-7">Claus-Joachim Kind, Krat­zer, in Floss (Hrsg.) Stein­ar­te­fakte vom Alt­pa­läo­li­thi­kum bis in die Neu­zeit, Tübin­gen 2012, Kerns Ver­lag, S. 415 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-7"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-8">vergl. Ger­ken, Klaus 2001: Stu­dien zur jung und spät­pa­läo­li­thi­schen so­wie meso­li­thi­schen Besied­lung im Ge­biet zwi­schen Wümme und Oste. Archäo­lo­gi­sche Be­richte des Land­krei­ses Roten­burg (Wümme) 9, Olden­burg, 2001, S. 29 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-8"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-9">Joa­chim Hahn, 1991, S. 177 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-9"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-10">Joa­chim Hahn, 1991, S. 177 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-10"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-11">Joa­chim Hahn, 1991, S. 182 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-11"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-12">Cle­mens Pasda, Sti­chel, in Floss (Hrsg.) Stein­ar­te­fakte vom Alt­pa­läo­li­thi­kum bis in die Neu­zeit, Tü­bin­gen 2012, Kerns Ver­lag, S. 426 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-12"></a></span></li>
<li id="fn-13695-13">vergl. Bir­git Geh­len, Die Silex­ge­räte des frü­hen Mit­tel­neo­li­thi­kums und der Rös­se­ner Kul­tur, in Floss (Hrsg.) Stein­ar­te­fakte vom Alt­pa­läo­li­thi­kum bis in die Neu­zeit, Tübin­gen 2012, Kerns Ver­lag, S. 735 <span class="footnotereverse"><a href="#fnref-13695-13"></a></span></li>
</ol>
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